Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Sample
| Teen Characteristics | Overall Sample | Non-ODA | ODA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Non-ODA (n=279) | ODA (n=178) | TDP Group (n=165) | Control (n=114) | TDP Group (n=96) | Control (n=82) | |
| Any crash, No. (%) | 34 (12.2) | 12 (6.7) | 18 (10.9) | 16 (14.0) | 7 (7.3) | 5 (6.1) |
| 0 Crash | 245 (87.8) | 166 (93.3) | 147 (89.1) | 98 (86.0) | 89 (92.7) | 77 (93.9) |
| 1 Crash | 32 (11.5) | 11 (6.2) | 17 (10.3) | 15 (13.2) | 6 (6.3) | 5 (6.1) |
| 2 Crashes | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) |
| Age at enrollment, y, Median (IQR)* | 16.3 (16.1, 16.7)) | 16.2 (16.0, 16.5) | 16.3 (16.1, 16.6) | 16.3 (16.1, 16.9) | 16.1 (16.0, 16.4) | 16.2 (16.1, 16.6) |
| Behind-the-wheel practice hours at enrollment, Median (IQR) | 2.0 (0.3, 3.0) | 1.5 (0.5, 3.0) | 1.0 (0, 3.0) | 2.0 (0.5, 3.5) | 1.8 (0.5, 3.0) | 1.5 (0.5, 3.0) |
| Gender, No. (%) | ||||||
| Male | 134 (48.0) | 77 (43.3) | 87 (52.7) | 47 (41.2) | 41 (42.7) | 36 (43.9) |
| Female | 145 (52.0) | 101 (56.7) | 78 (47.3) | 67 (58.8) | 55 (57.3) | 46 (56.1) |
| Race* | ||||||
| Black or African American | 41 (14.7) | 9 (5.1) | 22 (13.3) | 19 (16.7) | 5 (5.2) | 4 (4.9) |
| White | 221 (79.2) | 159 (89.3) | 133 (80.6) | 88 (77.2) | 88 (91.7) | 71 (86.6) |
| Other/multiple race | 17 (6.1) | 9 (5.1) | 10 (6.1) | 7 (6.1) | 3 (3.1) | 6 (7.3) |
| Refused | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.2) |
| Hispanic | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic | 270 (96.8) | 170 (95.5) | 158 (95.8) | 112 (98.2) | 93 (96.9) | 77 (93.9) |
| Hispanic | 7 (2.5) | 6 (3.4) | 5 (3.0) | 2 (1.8) | 2 (2.1) | 4 (4.9) |
| Unsure/refused | 2 (0.7) | 2 (1.1) | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.2) |
| Parent characteristics | ||||||
| Relation to Teen | ||||||
| Mother | 218 (78.1) | 136 (76.4) | 130 (78.8) | 88 (77.2) | 72 (75.0) | 64 (78.0) |
| Father | 59 (21.2) | 42 (23.6) | 35 (21.2) | 24 (21.1) | 24 (25.0) | 18 (22.0) |
| Grandparent | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Previous experience teaching a teen to drive | ||||||
| Yes | 124 (44.4) | 74 (41.6) | 78 (47.3) | 46 (40.4) | 41 (42.7) | 33 (40.2) |
| No | 155 (55.6) | 98 (55.1) | 87 (52.7) | 68 (59.6) | 52 (54.2) | 46 (56.1) |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 6 (3.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (3.1) | 3 (3.7) |
| Parent characteristics con’t | Overall Sample | Non-ODA | ODA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Non-ODA (n=279) | ODA (n=178) | TDP Group (n=165) | Control (n=114) | TDP Group (n=96) | Control (n=82) | |
| Marital Status | ||||||
| Single | 44 (15.8) | 15 (8.4) | 27 (16.4) | 17 (14.9) | 8 (8.3) | 7 (8.5) |
| Living with partner | 3 (1.1) | 1 (0.6) | 2 (1.2) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.2) |
| Married | 231 (82.8) | 159 (89.3) | 136 (82.4) | 95 (83.3) | 88 (91.7) | 71 (86.6) |
| Refused | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.2) |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.4) |
| Education | ||||||
| Some college or less | 73 (26.2) | 46 (25.8) | 46 (27.9) | 27 (23.7) | 28 (29.2) | 18 (22.0) |
| College graduate | 116 (41.6) | 75 (42.1) | 69 (41.8) | 47 (41.2) | 42 (43.8) | 33 (40.2) |
| Graduate degree | 90 (32.3) | 56 (31.5) | 50 (30.3) | 40 (35.1) | 26 (27.1) | 30 (36.6) |
| Refused | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.2) |
| Internet/email home use | ||||||
| Several times a day | 207 (74.2) | 136 (76.4) | 123 (74.5) | 84 (73.7) | 75 (78.1) | 61 (74.4) |
| About once a day | 44 (15.8) | 31 (17.4) | 26 (15.8) | 18 (15.8) | 14 (14.6) | 17 (20.7) |
| 3–5 days a week | 15 (5.4) | 8 (4.5) | 10 (6.1) | 5 (4.4) | 4 (4.2) | 4 (4.9) |
| 1–2 days a week or fewer | 12 (4.3) | 3 (1.7) | 6 (3.6) | 6 (5.3) | 3 (3.1) | 0 (0) |
| Missing | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Internet/email work use* | ||||||
| Several times a day | 163 (58.4) | 127 (71.3) | 96 (58.2) | 67 (58.8) | 70 (72.9) | 57 (69.5) |
| About once a day | 23 (8.2) | 7 (3.9) | 14 (8.5) | 9 (7.9) | 3 (3.1) | 4 (4.9) |
| 3–5 days a week | 5 (1.8) | 4 (2.2) | 4 (2.4) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (1.0) | 3 (3.7) |
| 1–2 days a week or fewer | 86 (30.8) | 36 (20.2) | 49 (29.7) | 37 (32.5) | 20 (20.8) | 16 (19.5) |
| Missing | 2 (0.7) | 4 (2.2) | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.1) | 2 (2.4) |
Note: To compare the ODA and Non-ODA groups, we used Wilcoxon ranked sum tests for continuous variables and chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables.
*
Indicates p<.01. No other ODA vs. Non-ODA comparisons were significant.