Table 1.
Combined Cohorts | Males | Females | Male: Female Effect Sizec | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N=3407–3647)a | (N=1627–1747) | (N=1780–1900) | ||||||
Measure of Alcohol or Marijuana Involvement by Age 17 | % | N | % | N | % | N | OR | 95% CI |
Ever used alcohol without parental permission | 68.7 | 2504 | 70.2 | 1226 | 67.3 | 1278 | 1.14 | .99, 1.32 |
Ever intoxicated or drunk | 51.1 | 1786 | 52.2 | 869 | 50.2 | 917 | 1.10 | .96, 1.25 |
Ever used marijuana | 31.4 | 1145 | 33.5 | 585 | 29.5 | 560 | 1.20 ** | 1.05, 1.38 |
Weekly or daily drinkingb | 12.0 | 411 | 14.2 | 231 | 10.0 | 180 | 1.49 *** | 1.21, 1.83 |
Weekly or daily marijuana useb | 15.8 | 540 | 19.1 | 310 | 12.8 | 230 | 1.60 *** | 1.33, 1.93 |
Ever consumed more than 10 drinks in 24 hoursb | 26.2 | 905 | 37.1 | 611 | 16.3 | 294 | 3.03 *** | 2.58, 3.55 |
≥ 30 lifetime uses of marijuanab | 10.5 | 356 | 13.3 | 216 | 7.9 | 140 | 1.79 *** | 1.43, 2.24 |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | d | 95% CI | |
Age of alcohol initiation | 14.6 | 2.0 | 14.4 | 2.2 | 14.9 | 1.8 | .25*** | .17, .33 |
Age of first alcohol intoxication | 15.1 | 1.7 | 14.9 | 1.8 | 15.3 | 1.6 | .25*** | .16, .34 |
Age of marijuana initiation | 15.0 | 1.8 | 14.9 | 1.8 | 15.1 | 1.7 | .11 | −.01, .22 |
DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse/Dependence symptom countd | .51 | 1.3 | .69 | 1.5 | .35 | 1.1 | .26*** | .20, .33 |
DSM-IV Cannabis Abuse/Dependence symptom countd | .45 | 1.5 | .65 | 1.8 | .26 | 1.0 | .26*** | .19, .32 |
Ns varied by substance phenotype from 3407 (≥ 30 lifetime uses of marijuana) to 3647 (ever used) but always exceeded 90% of baseline sample.
Levels of use were combined into clinically significant categories above; however, continuous or ordinal measures were used in regression models.
Effect sizes are expressed as odds ratios (OR) for categorical outcomes or Cohen’s d for quantitative outcomes. ORs significantly greater than 1 indicate a higher level of use for males than females (e.g., 1.49 = a 49% increase in the likelihood for males). For Cohen’s d, .20 corresponds to a small effect. Because male gender was associated with earlier initiation; males and females were reverse-coded for comparing age of initiation.
These raw symptom counts were log-transformed in regression analyses to mitigate positive skew.
p<.05,
p<.01,
p<.001.