Table 2.
Adjusted Differences in Total Healthy Eating Index-2010 Scores by Beverage Consumption in Children Aged 2–18 Years: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2009–2014a
| Beverage intake | n (weighted %) |
Total sample (n=7,757) |
2–5 years (n=1,972) |
6–11 years (n=2,890) |
12–18 years (n=2,895) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sugar-sweetened beveragesb,c | |||||
| 0 servings/day | 1,819 (24.8) | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| >0–1 serving/day | 2,460 (30.4) | −3.5*** (−5.1, −1.9) | −3.7** (−5.9, −1.5) | −1.7 (−3.4, 0.02) | −3.9** (−6.4, −1.5) |
| >1–2 servings/day | 1,855 (22.3) | −6.1*** (−7.6, −4.7) | −7.9*** (−10.2, −5.6) | −4.3** (−6.4, −2.1) | −5.6*** (−8.1, −3.1) |
| >2 servings/day | 1,623 (22.5) | −9.5*** (−10.8, −8.3) | −13.6*** (−15.8, −11.4) | −9.0*** (−10.7, −7.4) | −8.5*** (−10.5, −6.4) |
| p-trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Waterb,c | |||||
| 0 servings/day | 920 (11.7) | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| >0–1 serving/day | 1,725 (21.2) | 2.0** (0.9, 3.1) | 1.5 (−0.9, 3.9) | 3.5** (1.5, 5.6) | 0.8 (−1.3, 2.9) |
| >1–2 servings/day | 2,024 (24.7) | 2.9*** (1.6, 4.1) | 3.1* (0.4, 5.7) | 4.3** (1.9, 6.6) | 1.6 (−0.4, 3.6) |
| >2 servings/day | 3,088 (42.3) | 4.8*** (3.6, 6.0) | 4.3** (1.7, 7.0) | 6.1** (3.2, 9.1) | 3.8*** (2.2, 5.4) |
| p-trend | <0.0001 | 0.0005 | 0.0009 | <0.0001 |
Notes: Boldface indicates statistical significance compared to reference (ref) group of 0 servings (*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.0001).
a
Adjusted for age, sex, race, poverty income ratio, household reference education, household reference marital status, and weight status.
b
p-values from Wald tests for heterogeneity of OR by age group were: <0.0001 for sugar-sweetened beverages and 0.20 for water.
c
1 serving is defined as 8 fl oz.