Table 3.
Adjusted Differences in Total Energy Intake by Beverage Consumption in Children Aged 2–18 Years: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2014a
| Beverage intake | n (weighted %) |
Total sample (n=7,757) |
2–5 years (n=1,972) |
6–11 years (n=2,890) |
12–18 years (n=2,895) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sugar-sweetened beveragesb,c | |||||
| 0 servings/day | 1,819 (24.8) | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| >0–1 serving/day | 2,460 (30.4) | 82.4* (17.5, 147.2) | 22.1 (−62.9, 107.1) | 101.3** (43.8, 158.9) | 53.3 (−86.1, 192.6) |
| >1–2 servings/day | 1,855 (22.3) | 171.5*** (103.7, 239.4) | 111.5* (4.6, 218.4) | 164.6*** (77.9, 251.3) | 153.1* (26.7, 279.5) |
| >2 servings/day | 1,623 (22.5) | 394.4*** (318.6, 470.2) | 266.3*** (154.4, 378.2) | 384.2*** (264.0, 504.4) | 393.9*** (266.8, 521.1) |
| p-trend | <0.0001 | 0.0008 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Waterb,c | |||||
| 0 servings/day | 920 (11.7) | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| >0–1 serving/day | 1,725 (21.2) | −42.3 (−125.1, 40.4) | −76.8 (−185.6, 31.9) | −104.3 (−233.6, 25.0) | 36.5 (−116.8, 189.9) |
| >1–2 servings/day | 2,024 (24.7) | −25.8 (−108.3, 56.7) | −71.7 (−193.2, 49.7) | −20.4 (−130.3, 89.4) | −42.8 (−204.9, 119.2) |
| >2 servings/day | 3,088 (42.3) | 17.2 (−75.1, 109.5) | −40.1 (−174.4, 94.2) | −6.0 (−118.4, 106.5) | 32.8 (−100.6, 166.1) |
| p-trend | 0.30 | 0.95 | 0.19 | 0.65 |
Notes: Boldface indicates statistical significance compared to reference (ref) group of 0 servings (*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.0001).
a
Adjusted for age, sex, race, poverty income ratio, household reference education, household reference marital status, and weight status.
b
p-values from Wald tests for heterogeneity of OR by age group were: 0.88 for sugar-sweetened beverages and 0.07 for water.
c
1 serving is defined as 8 fl oz.