Table 4.
Adjusted Relative Differences in Healthy Eating Index-2010 Component Scores by Beverage Consumption: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2014
| Beverage intakea | Sugar-sweetened beverage intake β (95% C)b |
Water intake β (95% CI)b |
|---|---|---|
| Vegetables | ||
| 0 servings/day | ref | ref |
| >0–1 serving/day | 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) |
| >1–2 servings/day | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99)* | 1.08 (1.01, 1.15)* |
| >2 servings/day | 0.86 (0.81, 0.92)*** | 1.13 (1.05, 1.21)** |
| Total fruit | ||
| 0 servings/day | ref | ref |
| >0–1 serving/day | 0.91 (0.85, 0.98)* | 1.08 (0.98, 1.19) |
| >1–2 servings/day | 0.82 (0.75, 0.89)*** | 1.15 (1.03, 1.28)* |
| >2 servings/day | 0.69 (0.61, 0.77)*** | 1.21 (1.08, 1.34)** |
| Whole fruit | ||
| 0 servings/day | ref | ref |
| >0–1 serving/day | 0.88 (0.81, 0.96)** | 1.13 (1.02, 1.26)* |
| >1–2 servings/day | 0.82 (0.75, 0.91)*** | 1.27 (1.14, 1.41)*** |
| >2 servings/day | 0.66 (0.58, 0.75)*** | 1.40 (1.26, 1.55)*** |
| Greens and beans | ||
| 0 servings/day | ref | ref |
| >0–1 serving/day | 0.81 (0.70, 0.94)** | 1.18 (0.91, 1.54) |
| >1–2 servings/day | 0.75 (0.63, 0.90)** | 1.28 (1.00, 1.64) |
| >2 servings/day | 0.68 (0.56, 0.84)*** | 1.41 (1.11, 1.80)** |
| Whole grains | ||
| 0 servings/day | ref | ref |
| >0–1 serving/day | 0.88 (0.78, 0.98)* | 1.27 (1.13, 1.43)*** |
| >1–2 servings/day | 0.73 (0.64, 0.84)*** | 1.28 (1.14, 1.43)*** |
| >2 servings/day | 0.58 (0.51, 0.66)*** | 1.48 (1.32, 1.66)*** |
| Dairy | ||
| 0 servings/day | ref | ref |
| >0–1 serving/day | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) |
| >1–2 servings/day | 0.94 (0.90, 0.99)* | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) |
| >2 servings/day | 0.86 (0.82, 0.90)*** | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) |
| Total protein foods | ||
| 0 servings/day | ref | ref |
| >0–1 serving/ day | 1.00 (0.96, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.04) |
| >1–2 servings/day | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) |
| >2 servings/day | 0.96 (0.93, 1.00) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) |
| Seafood and plant proteins | ||
| 0 servings/day | ref | ref |
| >0–1 serving/day | 1.01 (0.91, 1.11) | 1.20 (1.05, 1.36)** |
| >1–2 servings/day | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) | 1.20 (1.09, 1.33)** |
| >2 servings/day | 0.83 (0.74, 0.93)** | 1.33 (1.15, 1.52)*** |
| Fatty acids | ||
| 0 servings/day | ref | ref |
| >0–1 serving/day | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.05) |
| >1–2 servings/day | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) |
| >2 servings/day | 1.06 (0.98, 1.15) | 1.05 (0.95, 1.17) |
| Sodium | ||
| 0 servings/day | ref | ref |
| >0–1 serving/day | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) |
| >1–2 servings/day | 1.09 (1.02, 1.16)* | 0.92 (0.84, 1.01) |
| >2 servings/day | 1.25 (1.17, 1.33)*** | 0.86 (0.78, 0.94)** |
| Refined grains | ||
| 0 servings/day | ref | ref |
| >0–1 serving/day | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) | 0.91 (0.86, 0.97)** |
| >1–2 servings/day | 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) | 0.89 (0.84, 0.95)** |
| >2 servings/day | 1.07 (1.03, 1.12)** | 0.86 (0.81, 0.92)*** |
| Empty calories | ||
| 0 servings/day | ref | ref |
| >0–1 serving/day | 0.88 (0.85, 0.91)*** | 1.13 (1.08, 1.18)*** |
| >1–2 servings/day | 0.77 (0.74, 0.80)*** | 1.17 (1.12, 1.23)*** |
| >2 servings/day | 0.61 (0.58, 0.64)*** | 1.29 (1.23, 1.35)*** |
Notes: Boldface indicates statistical significance compared to reference (ref) group of 0 servings (*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.0001).
a
1 serving is defined as 8 fl oz.
b
Adjusted for age, sex, race, poverty income ratio, household reference education, household reference marital status, and weight status.