Table 1.
Study Characteristics
| First Author | Year | Study Design | Sample Size (Control Sample Size) | Age in years (Controls age in years) | Time to return to sport in days (Controls return to sport time) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anzalone 91 | 2017 | Prospective cohort study | 167 | 15 ± 2 | 19.9 ± 13.4 |
| Baker 92 | 2016 | Retrospective cohort study | 147 | 15.4 ± 1.5 | 16.5 |
| Black 64 | 2017 | Retrospective chart review | 759 | 19.34 ± 1.81 | Median = 11 |
| Broglio 93 | 2016 | Prospective cohort study | 24 (21) | 16.7 ± 2.5 (17.1 ± 2.9) | 26.2 ± 42.8 |
| Brooks 51 | 2016 | Retrospective cohort study | 75 (182) | 19.3 ± 1.3 (19.9 ± 1.3) | 21.0 |
| Brown 90 | 2014 | Prospective cohort study | 335 | 15 ± 2.6 | 43 ± 53 |
| Buckley 47 | 2015 | Prospective cohort study | 25 (25) | 19.8 ± 1.2 (19.4 ± 1.3) | 6.8 ± 4.6 (7.2 ± 5.8) |
| Clausen 41 | 2016 | Prospective experimental study | 6 (13) | 23 ± 6 (21 ± 3) | Not mentioned |
| Collins 48 | 2006 | Prospective cohort study | 1173 (968)* | 16.3 ± 1.1 (15.9 ± 1.3) | 10.9 (13.0) |
| Corwin 89 | 2015 | Retrospective cohort study | 200 (47) | 14 (range= 7–18) | 106 (29) |
| Crowe 42 | 2016 | Prospective cohort study | 10 | 14.6 (range= 11–17) | 30 (except 1 case) |
| Darling 35 | 2014 | Retrospective chart review | 117 | 15.5 ± 1.6 | 16 ± 15 |
| Elbin 53 | 2016 | Prospective cohort study | 35 (34) | 15.35 ± 1.73 (15.61 ± 1.65) | 44.4 ± 36.0 (22.0 ± 18.7) |
| Field 94 | 2003 | Case control study | HS: 19 (20), college: 35 (18) | HS= 15.9 (range= 14–18), college= 19.9 (range= 17 – 25) | HS did not recover by 7, college recovered by 3 |
| Gill 54 | 2017 | Prospective cohort study | 46 (37) | 19.1 ± 1.18 (18.7 ± 0.67) | 21.68 ± 42.99 |
| Henry 37 | 2015 | Prospective cohort study | 66 | 16.5 ± 1.9 | 21 to 28 |
| Hutchison 55 | 2016 | Prospective cohort study | 26 (26) | 21 ± 2.5 | 34.7 ± 37.7 |
| Iverson 95 | 2007 | Prospective cohort study | 114 (55 simple, 59 complex) | 16.2 ± 1.2 (13 – 16) | “Simple”= 4.5 ± 2.1, “Complex”= 18.9 ± 8.6 |
| Kontos 49 | 2013 | Prospective cohort study | 138 | 15.96 ± 1.18 | 63% < 7 days, 37% >21 |
| Kriz 57 | 2016 | Prospective cohort study | 145 | 15.4 ± 1.5 | 44.5 ± 48.7 |
| Lau 32 | 2011 | Prospective cohort study | 107 | 16.02 ± 1.22 | 13.26 ± 9.05 |
| Lax 96 | 2015 | Prospective cohort study | 25 | 11.8 ± 1.44 | 20.13 ± 31.2 |
| Lovell 97 | 2003 | Case control study | 64 (24) | Not mentioned | Return to sport for most: 4 – 7 |
| Lovell 59 | 2007 | Case control Study | 28 (13) | 16.6 ± 4 (18.3 ± 3.5) | 33.3 ± 33.8 |
| Lynall 60 | 2016 | Retrospective cohort study | 34 | 18.38 ± 0.78 | Not mentioned |
| Maerlender 40 | 2015 | Randomized control trial | 13 (15) | Not mentioned | Median = 15 (median = 13) |
| Makdissi 61 | 2010 | Prospective cohort study | 78 | Median= 22 | 4.8 |
| Maugans 81 | 2012 | Prospective cohort study | 12 (12) | 13.4 (13.4) | 14 |
| Mautner 44 | 2015 | Case control study | 70 (70) | 15.5 (15.7) | 16.5 (13.5) |
| McClincy 62 | 2006 | Prospective cohort study | 104 | 16.11 ± 2.22 | 63% recovered by 14 days |
| McDevit 98 | 2015 | Prospective cohort study | 87 | 19.47 ± 6.02 | 55.73 ± 85.79 |
| Mcgrath 45 | 2013 | Retrospective cohort study | 54 | 15.46 ± 1.48 | 13.33 ± 8.87 |
| Meehan 50 | 2013 | Prospective cohort study | 182 | 15 ± 3.04 | 73.6% recovered in ≤28 |
| Miller 99 | 2016 | Case control study | 294 | ||
| Morgan 100 | 2015 | Case control study | 40 (80) | 14.9 ± 2.1 (14.8 ± 2.0) | Control recovered ≤3 weeks |
| Murugavel 56 | 2014 | Prospective cohort study | 21 (21) | 20.19 ± 1.03 (19.9 ± 1.67) | All were recovered 2 months post-injury |
| Nelson 65 | 2016 | Prospective cohort study | HS = 405 (89) College = 213 (61) |
HS = 16.04 ± 0.99 (16.24 ± 0.73) College = 19.72 ± 1.47 (19.27 ± 1.46) |
Resolved by 7 days |
| Newsome 66 | 2016 | Prospective cohort study | 13 (13) | 16± 1.1 (16.4 ± 1.3) | All recovered by day 30 |
| Ono 101 | 2016 | Prospective cohort study | 176 | range= 10–18 | Not mentioned |
| Ransom 63 | 2015 | Cross-sectional study | 349 | 13.72 (range= 5 – 18) | 68.8% recovered ≤28 |
| Slobounov 84 | 2007 | Prospective cohort study | 160 | Male= 20.95, female= 21.42 | All recovered by day 10 |
| Slobounov 82 | 2012 | Prospective cohort study | 49 | range= 18 – 25 | 10 |
| Terwilliger 67 | 2016 | Case control study | 21 (21) | 14.9 ± 0.89 (14.9 ± 0.89) | Not mentioned |
Level of Evidence details: Level 2: evidence from one well-designed randomized control trial, Level 3: well-designed controlled trial without randomization, Level 4: well-designed case-control or cohort study, Level 6: single descriptive qualitative study.
*
= Athlete exposure from 2002 to 2004