Table 2.

Summary of metabolic phonotypes of various carboxylesterase genetic mouse models

Genetic models	Metabolic phonotypes
Ces1d knockout mice	Increased energy expenditure and improved insulin sensitivity (Wei et al., 2010; Lian et al., 2012b) Decreased VLDL secretion and improved hyperlipidemia (Wei et al., 2010; Lian et al., 2012a, b) Attenuated steatosis and NASH (Lian et al., 2016) Reduced atherosclerosis (Lian et al., 2012b) Attenuated tumor-induced hyperlipidemia, inhibited tumor growth (Huang et al., 2016)
CES1 liver-specific transgenic mice	Increased VLDL secretion (Wei et al., 2007a)
CES1 macrophage-specific transgenic mice	Reduced atherosclerosis (Zhao et al., 2007)
Ces1g knockout mice	Obesity, insulin resistance, decreased energy expenditure (Quiroga et al., 2012a) Increased VLDL secretion and hyperlipidemia (Quiroga et al., 2012a) Increased chylomicron secretion (Quiroga et al., 2012b) Increased steatosis (Quiroga et al., 2012a) and alcohol-induced hepatitis (Xu et al., 2016)
Ces2c knockdown mice	Increased steatosis (Li et al., 2016)
CES2 liver-specific overexpression	Improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, reduced steatosis (Ruby et al., 2017)