Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Micro-scale energy conversion devices [71]
| Energy conversion devices | Energy input | Energy output | Conversion efficiency | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Micro-heat engine | Thermal energy | Electric energy | ~ 30% | [75] |
| Micro-fuel cell | Chemical energy | Electric energy | > 60% | [76] |
| Photovoltaic device | Luminous energy | Electric energy | ~ 12% | [77] |
| Nanomobile battery | Mechanical energy | Electric energy | ~ 40% | [78] |
| Nanoconcentration battery | Chemical energy | Electric energy | 15%~40% | [70] |
