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. 2018 Feb 19;8:3241. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21674-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In vitro treatment of human RA-FLS inhibits cell viability and induces apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. (A) Cells were treated with various concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 200 μM) of silibinin for 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, and then cell viability was determined using the CCK-8 assay as described in the Materials and Methods section. The result is represented as control% compared to the control group. (B) Cells were treated with various concentrations of silibinin (0, 50, 100, and 200 μM) for 48 h and then harvested for apoptosis analysis by staining with Annexin V-FITC and PI. The upper right (UR) quadrant indicates the percentage of late apoptotic cells. (C) Quantitative analysis of the apoptosis rate. Data are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared to the 0 μM silibinin group.