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. 2018 Feb 19;8:3255. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21657-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of the microbiomes of vaginally delivered and C-section-delivered newborns. (A) Principal-component analysis (PCA) plot based on the relative taxa abundance in the fecal microbiomes of neonates with mode of delivery, gestation age, pregnancy weight or gender groups. Sample are marked by the group type. The number is the grouping boundaries. (B) LEfSe comparison of microbiomes from meconium samples from vaginally delivered and C-section-delivered neonates. Enriched taxa in samples from vaginally delivered infants with different level classifications with a positive linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score are shown in green; C-section samples with a negative LDA score are shown in red (>3.5 in both cases). (C) Cladogram derived from LEfSe analysis of metagenomic sequences from C-section delivered newborn and vaginally delivered neonate meconium samples. Green shaded areas indicate microbe orders that more consistently describe the fecal microbiome from vaginally delivered infants; red shaded areas indicate microbe orders that more consistently describe the meconium microbiome from C-section-delivered infants. The prefixes “p”, “c”, “o”, “f”, “g”, “s”, and “t” represent the annotated level of phylum, class, order, family, genus, species and strain.