Table 3. Predictors of Resident Milestone Scores Based on a Mixed-Effects Model^a.

Factor	Coefficient (95% CI)	P Value
Time spent in residency (levels per year)	0.52 (0.49 to 0.54)	<.001
Time spent in residency adjusted for male residents (levels per year)	0.07 (0.04 to 0.09)	<.001
Initial adjustment for male residents (levels)	−0.07 (−0.14 to −0.004)	.04
Procedural task (levels)	−0.04 (−0.06 to −0.03)	<.001

^aTime spent in residency adjusted for male residents represents the relative difference in rate of milestone attainment for men compared with women (the resident × time interaction or slope). According to this model, by postgraduate year 3, the mean milestone score will be 0.15 levels higher for men compared with women, representing 3 to 4 mo of training. Initial adjustment for male residents represents the relative fixed difference in milestone scores for men compared with women (the intercept for male residents).