Table. Characteristics of the Survey Respondents.
| Characteristic | Respondents, No. (%) | OR (CI) for Experiencing Maternal Discriminationb | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 5782) |
Experienced Maternal Discriminationa (n = 2070) |
|||
| Age, y | ||||
| ≤30 | 197 (3.4) | 95 (48.2) | 1.37 (1.01-1.85) | .04 |
| 31-35 | 1696 (29.3) | 684 (40.3) | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 36-40 | 2253 (39.0) | 834 (37) | 0.88 (0.77-1.00) | .05 |
| 41-45 | 1053 (18.2) | 314 (29.8) | 0.63 (0.54-0.75) | <.001 |
| ≥46 | 583 (10.1) | 143 (24.5) | 0.47 (0.38-0.59) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicityc | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 4000 (69.2) | 1485 (37.1) | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Non-Hispanic black | 211 (3.6) | 64 (30.3) | 0.77 (0.57-1.04) | .09 |
| Asian | 792 (13.7) | 248 (31.3) | 0.77 (0.65-0.91) | .002 |
| Hispanic | 440 (7.6) | 150 (34.1) | 0.91 (0.74-1.12) | .39 |
| Other | 266 (4.6) | 91 (34.2) | 0.87 (0.67-1.14) | .31 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Not currently married, never married, or divorced | 315 (5.4) | 94 (29.8) | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Married | 5457 (94.4) | 1976 (36.2) | 1.11 (0.86-1.44) | .43 |
| Children, No. | ||||
| 0 | 71 (1.2) | 14 (19.7) | 0.46 (0.25-0.83) | .01 |
| 1 | 1724 (29.8) | 591 (34.3) | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 2 | 2663 (46.1) | 929 (34.9) | 1.24 (1.09-1.43) | .002 |
| 3 | 1035 (17.9) | 409 (39.5) | 1.64 (1.38-1.95) | <.001 |
| >3 | 273 (4.7) | 123 (45.1) | 2.30 (1.75-3.03) | <.001 |
| At least 1 child <6 y | ||||
| No | 1273 (22.0) | 318 (25) | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| Yes | 4345 (75.1) | 1702 (39.2) | 1.58 (1.31-1.91) | |
| Currently pregnant or given birth in past year | ||||
| No | 4066 (70.3) | 1381 (34) | 1 [Reference] | .73 |
| Yes | 1672 (28.9) | 677 (40.5) | 1.09 (0.96-1.24) | |
| Trainee, resident, or fellow | ||||
| No | 5244 (90.8) | 1804 (34.4) | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| Yes | 534 (9.2) | 266 (49.8) | 1.52 (1.23-1.87) | |
| Medical specialty | ||||
| Anesthesia | 187 (3.2) | 88 (47.1) | 1.92 (1.32-2.80) | <.001 |
| Dermatology | 103 (1.8) | 39 (37.9) | 1.32 (0.83-2.11) | .24 |
| Emergency medicine | 516 (8.9) | 214 (41.5) | 1.54 (1.16-2.06) | .003 |
| Family medicine | 950 (16.4) | 335 (35.3) | 1.15 (0.87-1.52) | .32 |
| Internal medicine | 1291 (22.3) | 462 (35.8) | 1.23 (0.95-1.60) | .12 |
| Neurology | 139 (2.4) | 55 (39.6) | 1.36 (0.91-2.03) | .14 |
| Obstetrics-gynecology | 709 (12.3) | 244 (34.4) | 1.22 (0.91-1.65) | .19 |
| Ophthalmology | 96 (1.7) | 42 (43.8) | 1.85 (1.14-3.00) | .01 |
| Pathology | 95 (1.6) | 36 (37.9) | 1.27 (0.78-2.07) | .34 |
| Pediatrics | 1166 (20.2) | 372 (31.9) | 0.98 (0.75-1.27) | .86 |
| Psychiatry | 314 (5.4) | 103 (32.8) | 1.02 (0.72-1.44) | .92 |
| Radiology | 109 (1.9) | 41 (37.6) | 1.43 (0.90-2.29) | .13 |
| Surgery | 278 (4.8) | 117 (42.1) | 1.57 (1.11-2.22) | .01 |
| Other | 61 (1.1) | 18 (29.5) | 0.84 (0.46-1.54) | .58 |
| Practice setting | ||||
| Private practice | 2143 (37.1) | 699 (32.6) | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Academic | 1957 (33.8) | 770 (39.3) | 1.27 (1.11-1.45) | <.001 |
| Public hospital | 444 (7.7) | 145 (32.7) | 0.96 (0.77-1.20) | .71 |
| HMO | 266 (4.6) | 87 (32.7) | 1.05 (0.79-1.38) | .75 |
| VA | 103 (1.8) | 27 (26.2) | 0.75 (0.48-1.19) | .23 |
| Military | 105 (1.8) | 35 (33.3) | 0.95 (0.62-1.45) | .81 |
| Not currently working | 113 (2.0) | 48 (42.5) | 1.71 (1.16-2.53) | .01 |
Abbreviations: HMO, health maintenance organization; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; VA, Veterans Affairs institution.
a
Missing data were not shown.
b
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, medical specialty, and practice type.
c
The odds of discrimination of any type were significantly higher among non-Hispanic blacks overall (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 2.49-7.26 for all types of discrimination; P < .001).