Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Pregnant Women by Status of β-Blocker Exposure During Pregnancy.
| Characteristic | Unexposed (n = 374 391) | Exposed Anytime During Pregnancy (n = 4847) | P Valuea | Exposed During First Trimester (n = 2628) | P Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 29.7 (5.9) | 33.1 (5.7) | <.001 | 34.0 (5.9) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | <.001 | <.001 | |||
| White | 92 030 (24.6) | 1302 (26.9) | 690 (26.3) | ||
| Black | 31 910 (8.5) | 784 (16.2) | 452 (17.2) | ||
| Hispanic | 194 660 (52.0) | 2007 (41.4) | 1066 (40.6) | ||
| Asian | 46 266 (12.4) | 606 (12.5) | 340 (12.9) | ||
| Other | 9525 (2.5) | 148 (3.1) | 80 (3.0) | ||
| BMI, mean (SD) | 26.2 (6.1) | 31.6 (8.0) | <.001 | 31.8 (8.0) | <.001 |
| HTN, No. (%) | 25 823 (6.9) | 3698 (75.3) | <.001 | 2239 (85.2) | <.001 |
| HLD, No. (%) | 36 535 (9.8) | 1362 (28.1) | <.001 | 871 (33.1) | <.001 |
| DM, No. (%) | 14 812 (4.0) | 849 (17.5) | <.001 | 537 (4.1) | <.001 |
| CHF, No. (%) | 1066 (0.3) | 144 (3.0) | <.001 | 87 (3.3) | <.001 |
| Arrhythmia, No. (%) | 16 022 (4.3) | 989 (19.4) | <.001 | 505 (19.2) | <.001 |
| CKD, No. (%) | 1866 (0.5) | 246 (5.1) | <.001 | 157 (6.0) | <.001 |
| Gravida, No. (%) | <.001 | <.001 | |||
| 1 | 110 836 (29.6) | 1104 (22.8) | 522 (19.9) | ||
| 2 | 105 243 (28.1) | 1223 (25.2) | 659 (25.1) | ||
| ≥3 | 158 312 (42.3) | 2520 (52.0) | 1447 (55.0) | ||
| Gestational age at delivery, mean (SD), weeks | 38.9 (1.9) | 37.4 (3.0) | <.001 | 37.5 (2.9) | <.001 |
| Preeclampsia, No. (%) | 2330 (0.6) | 94 (1.9) | <.001 | 37 (1.4) | <.001 |
| Eclampsia, No. (%) | 287 (0.1) | 24 (0.5) | <.001 | 10 (0.4) | <.001 |
| Fetal birthweight, mean (SD), g | 3353 (554) | 2996 (811) | <.001 | 3028 (777) | <.001 |
| Delivery method, No. (%) | <.001 | <.001 | |||
| Vaginal (spontaneous) | 261 819 (70) | 2301 (47.4) | 1237 (47.1) | ||
| Vaginal (assisted) | 8233 (2.2) | 91 (1.9) | 56 (2.1) | ||
| Cesarean | 104 203 (27.8) | 2455 (50.6) | 1335 (50.8) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DM, diabetes; HLD, hyperlipidemia; HTN, hypertension.
a
Compared with unexposed; t-tests for continuous variables, Fisher exact for categorical variables.