Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population.
| Characteristic | Matched Cohort (n = 19 628)a |
Entire Cohort (N = 30 579)b |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Injection Therapy (n = 9814) |
Pump Therapy (n = 9814) |
Standardized Difference, %c | Injection Therapy (n = 16 460) |
Pump Therapy (n = 14 119) |
Standardized Difference, %c | |
| Age | ||||||
| Mean (SD), y | 14.6 (3.6) | 14.6 (3.6) | 0.02 | 15.1 (3.3) | 13.1 (4.4) | –50.6 |
| No. (%) | ||||||
| 1.5 to 5 y | 156 (2) | 172 (2) | 1.3 | 174 (1) | 1125 (8) | 33.8 |
| 6 to 10 y | 1594 (16) | 1578 (16) | –0.4 | 2071 (13) | 3329 (24) | 28.9 |
| 11 to 15 y | 3801 (39) | 3773 (38) | –0.6 | 6218 (38) | 4934 (35) | –5.9 |
| 16 to 19 y | 4263 (43) | 4291 (44) | 0.6 | 7997 (49) | 4731 (34) | –31.0 |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||||
| Female | 4754 (48) | 4764 (49) | 0.2 | 7076 (43) | 7204 (51) | 16.2 |
| Male | 5060 (52) | 5050 (51) | –0.2 | 9384 (57) | 6915 (49) | –16.2 |
| Duration of diabetes | ||||||
| Mean (SD), y | 7.0 (3.9) | 7.0 (3.9) | –0.7 | 5.9 (4.0) | 6.6 (3.9) | 20.2 |
| No. (%) | ||||||
| 1 to <5 y | 3543 (36) | 3582 (36) | 0.8 | 8258 (50) | 5538 (39) | –22.2 |
| ≥5 y | 6271 (64) | 6232 (64) | –0.8 | 8202 (50) | 8581 (61) | 22.2 |
| Migration background, No. (%)d | 1890 (19) | 1913 (19) | 0.6 | 3680 (22) | 2556 (18) | –10.6 |
| BMI SD score, mean (SD)e | 0.30 (0.89) | 0.32 (0.87) | 1.8 | 0.29 (0.91) | 0.34 (0.87) | 5.0 |
| HbA1c, mean (SD), % | 8.1 (1.5) | 8.1 (1.4) | 0.3 | 8.2 (1.7) | 7.9 (1.3) | –15.2 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.
a
Propensity score–matched cohort.
b
Before propensity score matching.
c
The standardized differences (pump therapy vs injection therapy) are reported as percentages; a difference of less than 10% reveals a negligible imbalance.
d
Migration background was defined as birthplace outside of Germany or Austria for the patient or of 1 or both parents.
e
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared and reported as SD score based on German normative data. An SD score of zero corresponds to the 50th percentile (median), and an SD score of +2 corresponds to the 97.7th percentile of an age- and sex-specific reference group.