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. 2018 Feb 16;13:975–990. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S157391

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© 2018 Kumar et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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(A) Gene expression levels of caspase-3 and -8 in liver tissue and (B) plausible mechanism of anticancer activity of B and BNP.

Note: The studied groups are NC, CC (NDEA), PC (NDEA + 5-FU), NDEA + B (50 mg/kg), NDEA + B (100 mg/kg), NDEA + BNP (50 mg/kg) and NDEA + BNP (100 mg/kg). Data are represented as mean ± SD (n=8). Statistically significant differences were observed between CC and test groups (one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison test; *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001).

Abbreviations: B, betulinic acid; BNP, B nanoparticles; NC, normal control; CC, carcinogen control; NDEA, N-nitrosodiethylamine; PC, positive control; 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil; Cyt C, cytochrome C; AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor.