Table 2.
Descriptive analysis of the included studies.
| Population | Intervention | Comparison | Outcome | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants in experimental group | Participants in control group | Training frequency | Intervention group | Control group | Gait & gait-related activities results | |
| Hesse et al., 2012 [15] |
n = 15, 9 F/6 M Age: 63.7 ± 9.4 Diagnosis (hemorrhage/ischemic): 4/11 Side of hemiplegia: 6 L/14 R Weeks after stroke: 5.7 ± 2.3 |
n = 15, 9 F/6 M Age: 66.4 ± 11.9 Diagnosis (hemorrhage/ischemic): 5/110 Side of hemiplegia: 6 L/14 R Weeks after stroke: (week): 5.1 ± 1.6 |
60 min/session, for 4 week (total 20 sessions and 10 hours RAGT) |
30 min of robot-assisted gait and stair climbing training (G-EO system) + 30 min physiotherapy | 60 min of conventional physiotherapy gait and stair climbing therapy | (1) Within groups: significant in FAC, gait velocity, RMI in both groups during intervention and follow-up (2) Between groups: significant in FAC between groups after intervention |
|
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| Morone et al., 2012 [16] | (HM) n = 12 Age: 68.33 ± 9.11 Diagnosis (hemorrhage/ischemic): 9/3 Side of hemiplegia: 8 L/4 R Days after stroke: Mean of 20 days (LM) n = 12 Age: 55.58 ± 13.35 Diagnosis (hemorrhage/ischemic): 9/3 Side of hemiplegia: 3 L/9 R Days after stroke: Mean of 20 days |
(HM) n = 12 Age: 62.92 ± 17.43 Diagnosis (hemorrhage/ischemic): 12/0 Side of hemiplegia: 4 L/8 R Days after stroke: Mean of 20 days (LM) n = 12 Age: 60.17 ± 9.59 Diagnosis (hemorrhage/ischemic): 11/1 Side of hemiplegia: 5 L/7 R Days after stroke: Mean of 20 days |
2 sessions/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks (total 20 sessions and 10 hours RAGT) |
Robotic-assisted gait training (gait trainer) + conventional therapy | Conventional gait training | (1) Between groups: significant in FAC, BI, RMI between 2 LM groups (2) Between groups: no significance between the 2 HM groups |
|
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| Chang et al., 2012 [3] |
n = 20, 13 M/7 F Age: 55.5 ± 12.0 Diagnosis (hemorrhage/ischemic): 8/12 side of hemiplegia: 6 R/14 L Days after stroke: 16.1 ± 4.9 |
n = 17, 10 M/7 F Age: 59.7 ± 12.1 Diagnosis (hemorrhage/ischemic): 6/11 side of hemiplegia: 6 R/11 L Days after stroke: 18.2 ± 5.0 |
2 sessions/day, 5 day/week for 2 weeks (total 20 sessions and 13.3 hours RAGT) | 40 min gait training (Lokomat) + 60 min conventional physical therapy | 100 min conventional physical therapy | (1) Between groups: both groups not significant in FAC |
|
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| Dragin et al., 2014 [4] |
n = 11, 9 M/2 F Age: 57.3 ± 10.9 Diagnosis (hemorrhage/ischemic): 2/9 Side of hemiplegia: 5 L/6 R Days after stroke: 38 ± 21 |
n = 11, 9 M/2 F Age: 58.1 ± 11.4 Diagnosis (hemorrhage/ischemic): 1/10 Side of hemiplegia: 7 L/4 R Days after stroke: 36 ± 21 |
30 min/session, 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks (total 20 sessions and 10 hours RAGT) |
Walked assisted by Walkaround at a pace in a range from 0.3 to 0.7 m/s | Walk at their natural pace and use conventional gait assistance (cane, physical therapist assistance) | (1) Within groups: significant for the BBS after 6 months in both groups and in gait speed among the Exp group at the end of therapy and after 6 months (2) Between groups: significant for the gait speed and BBS after 4 weeks and in gait speed after 6 months between groups |
|
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| Van Nunen et al., 2015 [17] |
n = 16, 10 M/6 F Age: 50.0 ± 9.6 Diagnosis (hemorrhage/ischemic): 9/7 Side of stroke: 5 R/11 L Days after stroke: 61.6 ± 28.7 |
n = 14, 5 M/8 F Age: 56.0 ± 8.7 Diagnosis (hemorrhage/ischemic): 10/4 Side of stroke: 5 R/9 L Days after stroke: 67.1 ± 49.1 |
3.5 h/week, for 8 weeks (total 16 hours RAGT) |
Lokomat (2 h) + conventional therapy (1.5 h) a week aimed at improving walking ability | Conventional therapy (3.5 h) of physical therapy a week aimed at improving walking ability | (1) Within groups: significant for walking speed, FAC, BBS, RMI, TUG after training and follow-up in both groups (2) Between groups: no significant differences in improvements in any of the variables between groups |
|
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| Ochi et al., 2015 [18] |
n = 13, 11 M/2 F Age: 61.8 ± 7.5 Diagnosis (hemorrhage/ischemic): 8/5 Side of hemiplegia: 7 R/6 L Days after stroke: 22.9 ± 7.4 |
n = 13, 9 M/4 F Age: 65.5 ± 12.1 Diagnosis (hemorrhage/ischemic): 8/5 Side of hemiplegia: 8 R/5 L Days after stroke: 26.1 ± 8.0 |
80 min/session, 5 sessions/week for 4 weeks (total 20 sessions and 6.7 hours RAGT) |
20 min of GAR-assisted gait training + 60 min of standard physical therapy | 20 min of overground conventional gait training + 60 min of standard physical therapy | (1) Within groups: significant for FAC and FIM after training in both groups (2) Between groups: significant group difference in improvement in FAC after training |
|
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| Taveggia et al., 2016 [19] |
n = 13, 7 M/6 F Age: 71 ± 5 Days after stroke: 60.1 ± 49.5 |
n = 15, 10 M/5 F Age: 73 ± 7 Days after stroke: 39.4 ± 31.7 |
90 min/day, 5 days/week, for 5 weeks (total 12.5 hours RAGT) |
Bobath approach (60 min) + robotic gait training on the Lokomat robotic system (30 min) | Bobath approach (60 min) + activities targeted at improvement in walking (30 min) | (1) Within group: significant increase in TWT at the end of the treatment and follow-up in experimental group (2) Between groups: no significant differences in improvements in any of the variables between groups |
Con: control group. Exp: experimental group. FAC: functional ambulation classification. RMI: Rivermead mobility index. HM: high Motricity. LM: low Motricity. BI: Barthel index. BBS: Berg balance scale. TWT: 10 m walking test. TUG: timed up and go. 6 MWT: 6 m walk test. FIM: functional independence measure. RAGT: robot assisted gait training.