Table 3.
Mean value and effect size calculations on gait and gait related function outcomes.
| Outcomes | Groups | Difference within groups | Cohen's d | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pretraining | Posttraining | Follow-up | Post minus pre | Follow-up minus pre | Exp-Con | Pre-post | After follow-up | Before follow-up | |||||||||||
| Exp | Con | Exp | Con | Exp | Con | Exp | Con | Exp | Con | Pre | Post | Follow-up | Exp | Con | Exp | Con | Exp | Con | |
| Hesse et al., 2012 [15] | |||||||||||||||||||
| FAC | 1.5 (0.5) |
1.4 (0.5) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2.4 (1.2)∗† |
1.2 (1.5)∗ |
3.0 (0.8)∗ |
1.7 (1.8)∗ |
0.2 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Gait velocity | 0.27 (0.12) |
0.25 (0.08) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.31 (0.17)∗ |
0.16 (0.20)∗ |
0.39 (0.22)∗ |
0.25 (0.32)∗ |
0.19 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| RMI | 3.9 (1.1) |
3.7 (1.1) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 3.8 (2.2)∗ |
2.1 (1.8)∗ |
5.8 (3.2)∗ |
3.7 (3.4)∗ |
0.18 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Morone et al., 2012 [16] | |||||||||||||||||||
| FAC (LM) | 0.1 (0.3) |
0.0 (0.0) |
4.0 (0.9)† |
2.1 (1.2) |
4.7 (0.5)† |
3.1 (1.3) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.79¶ | 1.62¶ | 5.81¶ | N/A | 0.96¶ | 0.80 | 11.16¶ | N/A |
| RMI (LM) | 1.6 (0.8) |
1.3 (0.9) |
9.4 (2.7)† |
4.9 (2.0) |
11.8 (3.5)† |
7.0 (3.6) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.35 | 1.89¶ | 1.35¶ | 3.92¶ | 2.32¶ | 0.77 | 0.72 | 4.02¶ | 2.17¶ |
| BI (LM) | 14.2 (11.8) |
7.9 (8.9) |
69.6 (15.1)† |
52.1 (14.1) |
76.9 (11.5)† |
64.7 (14.0) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.60 | 1.19¶ | 0.95¶ | 4.08¶ | 3.74¶ | 0.54 | 0.90¶ | 5.38¶ | 4.84¶ |
| FAC (HM) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
3.8 (1.1) |
3.8 (1.1) |
4.3 (0.9) |
4.3 (0.9) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A | 0.50 | 0.50 | N/A | N/A |
| RMI (HM) | 1.8 (1.4) |
2.2 (1.9) |
7.4 (4.1) |
10.1 (4.0) |
10.4 (3.6) |
10.6 (3.9) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.23 | 0.66 | 0.05 | 1.83¶ | 2.52¶ | 0.78 | 0.13 | 3.15¶ | 2.74¶ |
| BI (HM) | 20.0 (17.2) |
24.6 (15.3) |
64.2 (21.2) |
74.2 (20.3) |
74.3 (18.7) |
77.6 (20.4) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.28 | 0.48 | 0.16 | 2.29¶ | 2.76¶ | 0.51 | 0.17 | 3.02¶ | 2.94¶ |
| Chang et al., 2012 [3] | |||||||||||||||||||
| FAC | 0.5 (0.5) |
0.4 (0.5) |
1.3 (0.7) |
1.4 (0.8) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.2 | 0.13 | N/A | 0.32 | 1.50¶ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Dragin et al., 2014 [4] | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gait speed | 0.38 (0.09) |
0.37 (0.10) |
0.54 (0.13)∗† |
0.44 (0.09) |
0.59 (0.11)∗† |
0.45 (0.10) |
0.16 (0.1)∗ |
0.07 (0.1) |
0.21 (0.1)∗ |
0.08 (0.1) |
0.10 | 0.89¶ | 1.33¶ | 1.43¶ | 0.74 | 0.42 | 0.11 | 2.09¶ | 0.80 |
| BBS | 38.4 (9.2) |
36.4 (12.0) |
44.8 (7.9)† |
40.5 (10.1) |
46.7 (8.1)∗ |
43.9 (9.7)∗ |
6.4 (3.1) |
4.18 (3.34) |
8.4 (2.2)∗ |
7.55 (4.76)∗ |
0.18 | 0.47 | 0.31 | 0.75 | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.34 | 0.96¶ | 0.69 |
| BI | 78.6 (10.9) |
75.4 (14.6) |
87.3 (7.5) |
85.9 (8.6) |
90.9 (6.6) |
91.4 (6.4) |
8.6 (6.4) |
10.45 (7.57) |
12.3 (6.8) |
15.91 (12.81) |
0.24 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.93¶ | 0.88¶ | 0.51 | 0.73 | 1.37¶ | 1.42¶ |
| Van Nunen et al., 2015 [17] | |||||||||||||||||||
| Walking speed | 0.20 (0.16) |
0.17 (0.17) |
0.31 (0.27)∗ |
0.21 (0.21)∗ |
0.39 (0.30)∗ |
0.26 (0.21)∗ |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.18 | 0.41 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.79 | 0.47 |
| FAC | 1.25 (0.58) |
0.29 (0.99) |
2.00 (0.88)∗ |
2.00 (0.13)∗ |
2.60 (0.84)∗ |
2.27 (1.42)∗ |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.18¶ | 0 | 0.28 | 1.01¶ | 2.42¶ | 0.70 | 0.27 | 1.87¶ | 1.62¶ |
| BBS | 14.4 (9.5) |
15.0 (9.6) |
17.4 (14.7)∗ |
17.9 (10.2)∗ |
21.7 (12.2)∗ |
20.4 (12.0)∗ |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.67 | 0.50 |
| RMI | 3.8 (2.0) |
3.8 (2.0) |
5.8 (2.3)∗ |
5.6 (2.4)∗ |
6.5 (2.2)∗ |
6.1 (2.5)∗ |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.93¶ | 0.81¶ | 0.31 | 0.20 | 1.28¶ | 1.02¶ |
| TUG | 45 | 41 | 47 | 42 | 32 | 37 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Ochi et al., 2015 [18] | |||||||||||||||||||
| FAC | 1 (1-2) |
2 (1-2) |
3 (3-4)∗† |
3 (3-3)∗ |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Walking speed | N/A | N/A | 0.26 (0.18–0.70) |
0.17 (0.15–0.24) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| FIM | 7 (6–10) |
7 (7–9) |
13 (13–21)∗ |
13 (12–17)∗ |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Taveggia et al., 2016 [19] | |||||||||||||||||||
| 6 MWT | 124.8 (117.6) |
171.4 (130.0) |
191.6 (174.8) |
272.8 (155.6) |
184.9 (139.8) |
295.6 (183.9)∗ |
66.8 (30.3) |
101.4 (40.6) |
59.6 (27.5) |
124.2 (36.9)∗ |
0.37 | 0.49 | 0.67 | 0.45 | 0.71 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.47 | 0.78 |
| TWT | 0.27 (0.25) |
0.46 (0.26) |
0.56 (0.44)∗ |
0.66 (0.19) |
0.53 (0.37)∗ |
0.72 (0.38) |
0.28 (0.08)∗ |
0.21 (0.1) |
0.25 (0.07)∗ |
0.26 (0.09) |
0.74 | 0.29 | 0.50 | 0.81¶ | 0.88¶ | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.82¶ | 0.80 |
| Tinetti gait | 3.3 (2.9) |
5.2 (1.9) |
5.4 (2.7) |
8.6 (3.8) |
5.8 (2.9) |
8.6 (1.9) |
2.1 (0.6)∗ |
3.4 (0.8)∗ |
2.4 (0.4)∗ |
3.4 (0.6)∗ |
0.77 | 0.97¶ | 1.14¶ | 0.75 | 1.13¶ | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.86¶ | 1.79¶ |
| FIM | 75.6 (22.8) |
90.8 (15.3) |
89.4 (24.3) |
100.2 (11.0) |
100.1 (21.8) |
100.6 (9.9) |
13.8 (3.3)∗ |
9.4 (4.6) |
24.5 (4.4)∗ |
12.8 (6.2) |
0.78 | 0.57 | 0.02 | 0.59 | 0.71 | 0.46 | 0.04 | 1.10¶ | 0.76 |
Exp: experimental group. Con: control group. FAC: functional ambulation classification. RMI: Rivermead mobility index. HM: high Motricity. LM: low Motricity. BI: Barthel index. BBS: Berg balance scale. TWT: 10 m walking test. TUG: timed up and go. 6 MWT: 6 m walk test. FIM: functional independence measure. N/A: not available. ∗Significantly different within groups, p < 0.05; †significantly different between groups, p < 0.05; ¶large effect size.