Table 1: Links between Type 2 Diabetes and the Early Vascular Ageing Syndrome.

Arterial stiffness

Haemodynamic ageing, hypertension

Microvascular and endothelial dysfunction

Chronic inflammation, general and perivascular

Insulin resistance

Defects in incretin function

Hyperglycaemia, AGE

Dyslipidaemia

Early life influences

Telomere shortening/attrition

Cognitive dysfunction and brain ageing

Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota

Arterial media calcification in nephropathy

Neuropathy and autonomous nerve dysfunction

AGE = advanced glycation end products.