Fig. 6.

Cytokine levels, interleukin (IL)-6 (a), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (b), IL-1β (c), and interferon (IFN)-γ (d) in feces collected at 4 months (4M) and 6 months (6M) of age from children who developed celiac disease (CD group) and who remained healthy (control group). Values are expressed as means and standard error of means. Statistically significant differences were established at p < 0.05. Red dots correspond to the infants that were exposed to antibiotics from 4 to 6 months of age