Table 1.
Biological, socioeconomic, and environmental characteristics, and access to health care services in case and control parishes in Ecuador[n (%) or mean ± SD]
| Characteristics | Case-Parishes | Control- Parishes | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biological | |||
| Children under 1 year of age (% parish population) | |||
| < 3 | 45 (86.5) | 918 (94.4) | 0.019 |
| ≥ 3 | 7 (13.5) | 54 (5.6) | |
| Socioeconomic | |||
| Educational attainment of head of household (years) | |||
| ≥ 8 | 28 (53.8) | 166 (17.1) | |
| < 8 | 24 (46.2) | 806 (82.9) | < 0.001 |
| Quartiles of the number of internal migrants | |||
| < 81 | 7 (13.5) | 250 (25.7) | 0.001 |
| 81–198 | 8 (15.4) | 247 (25.4) | |
| 199–587 | 12 (23.1) | 245 (25.2) | |
| ≥ 588 | 25 (48.0) | 230 (23.7) | |
| Percent indigenous population | |||
| < 1.4 | 11 (21.2) | 501 (51.5) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 1.4 | 41 (78.8) | 471 (48.5) | |
| Environmental | |||
| Parish setting | |||
| Rural | 29 (55.8) | 774 (79.6) | < 0.001 |
| Urban | 23 (44.2) | 198 (20.4) | |
| Crowding (%) | |||
| < 14 | 26 (50.0) | 250 (25.7) | 0.002 |
| 14–20 | 8 (15.4) | 261 (26.9) | |
| 21–26 | 7 (13.5) | 219 (22.5) | |
| ≥ 27 | 11 (21.1) | 242 (24.9) | |
| Access to health care services | |||
| Rate of prior measles immunization | 79.90 ± 18.20 | 88.06 ± 12.06 | 0.02 |
| Rate of pregnant women attending antenatal care visita | 83.90 ± 27.73 | 94.38 ± 41.14 | < 0.001 |
aPercentage of pregnant women attending at least one pre-natal care visit were calculated using as the denominator the number of life births in the parish
Quantitative variables are shown categorized. Median was used to categorize: Children under 1 year of age, Educational attainment of head of household and Percent indigenous population. Quartiles were used for: Number of internal migrants and Crowding