Table 2.
Studies on the insulin resistance risk associated with SSB consumption
| Author, Year | Setting | Sample Size | Sample Age | Method of Diet Assessment | SSB Unit of Analysis | Primary Outcome | Direction of Association | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cross-Sectional Studies | ||||||||
| Bremer, 2009 | Nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents, NHANES, 1994-2004 | 6967 | 12-19 years | Single 24-hour dietary recall interview | Increment of a serving/day (serving = 250g) | Change in HOMA-IR | Positive | β = 0.05 [SE= 0.02]* |
| Bremer, 2010 | Nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents, NHANES, 1999-2004 | 6967 | 12-19 years | Single 24-hour dietary recall interview | Increment of a serving/day (serving = 250g) | Change in HOMA-IR | Mixed | Non-Hispanic White: β= 0.06 [SE=0.02]* Non-Hispanic Black: β=0.12 [SE=0.05]* Mexican Americans: β=0.04 [SE=0.04] |
| Kondaki, 2012 | Adolescents in large multicenter European study | 546 | 12-17 years | Mini FFQ from Health Behavior in School-Aged Children study | ≥1 time/day vs. <1 time/week 5-6 times/week vs. <1 time/week 2-4 times/week vs. <1 time/week, (serving = not reported) |
Change in HOMA-IR | Positive | ≥1 time/day vs. ≤ 1 time/week β = 0.19 [95%CI: 0.003, 0.38]* 5-6 times/week vs. ≤1 time/week β = 0.28 [95%CI: 0.07, 0.49]* 2-4 times/week vs. ≤ 1 time/week β =0.080 [95%CI: -0.084, 0.245] |
| Santiago-Torres, 2016 | Hispanic children attending inner-city school in Milwaukee | 187 | 10-14 years | Block for Kid’s FFQ with Hispanic foods | SSB consumption, (serving = not reported) | Change in HOMA-IR | Positive | β =0.104* No measure of variation reported |
| Wang, 2012 | Caucasian children recruited from primary schools in Canada | 632 | 8-10 years | Three 24-hour dietary recalls | Increment of a serving/day (serving = 100ml) | Change in HOMA-IR | Mixed Null overall Positive in one sub-group Null in one sub-group |
Among all children: β =0.024 > 85th BMI percentile β = 0.097* <85th BMI percentile β =-0.027 No measure of variation reported |
| Longitudinal Studies | ||||||||
| Wang, 2014 | Caucasian Canadian children with at least one obese parent | 564 | 8-10 years | Three 24-hour dietary recalls | Increment of 10g/day of added sugar from liquid sources | HOMA-IR | Positive | Among all children: 0.091 [95%CI: 0.034, 0.149] * Overweight/ obese: 0.121 [95%CI: 0.013, 0.247] * Normal weight: 0.046 [95%CI: -0.003, 0.096] |
Note: *indicates statistical significance (p<0.05) as reported by each study