Table 1.

Summary of conventional endpoints

Investigation	CeO2	BaSO4
Retention analytics	↑ lung burden (time- and concentration-dependent); ↓ clearance (≥ 1.0 mg/m3)	↑ lung burden (time-dependent); rapid clearance
Hematology/clinical chemistry (d90 + 1rec)	↑ blood neutrophils	NAD
BAL analysis	↑ neutrophils, lymphocytes, total protein, LDH, β-glucuronidase (time-/concentration-dependent); post-exposure persistency	↑ neutrophils; no post-exposure persistency
Histopathology	↑ particle-laden macrophages and inflammatory cell infiltrations (alveolar/interstitial/lymphoid tissue), bronchiolo-alveolar hyperplasia and fibrosis; post-exposure persistency	↑ particle-laden macrophages and inflammatory cell infiltrations; intra-epithelial eosinophilic globules and mucus cell hyperplasia in the nasal cavity; partly post-exposure persistency
Immunohistochemistry	↑ γ-H2AX, 8-OHdG (genotoxicity); ↑ Ki-67 (proliferation); post-exposure persistency	↑ Ki-67 (proliferation); partly post-exposure persistency

NAD no abnormalities detected