EXHIBIT 3.
Factors associated with a parent of a child with autism spectrum disorder stopping work, compared to a parent of a child with asthma
| Independent variables | Odds ratio, all households (N = 71,693) | Odds ratio, by household income | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| <200% of poverty (n = 6,335) | ≥200% of poverty (n = 11,358) | ||
| DIFFERENCE-IN-DIFFERENCES POLICY EFFECTSa | |||
|
| |||
| ASD estimated cost | 0.90 | 1.07 | 1.01 |
| ASD cost limit | 0.83** | 0.57*** | 1.29* |
| ASD enrollment limit | 0.93 | 1.06 | 0.74*** |
| ASD no waiver | 0.92 | 1.13 | 0.59**** |
|
| |||
| STATE WAIVER CHARACTERISTICS, MAIN EFFECTS | |||
|
| |||
| Estimated cost | 0.83**** | 0.78*** | 0.85* |
| Cost limit | 1.15**** | 1.40**** | 0.72**** |
| Enrollment limit | 1.22** | 1.38 | 0.89 |
| No waiver | 0.58**** | 0.36**** | 1.47 |
|
| |||
| FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | |||
|
| |||
| One-adult household | 0.87 | 0.99 | 0.56**** |
| Non-English speaking | 1.31 | 1.23 | 1.83 |
| Household income (percent of poverty) | |||
| <100% | 1.57*** | 1.52*** | —b |
| 100–149% | 1.51*** | 1.49*** | —b |
| 150–199% | 1.09 | 1.00 | —b |
| 200–299% | 1.11 | —b | 1.10 |
| 300–399% | 1.09 | —b | 1.10 |
| 400% or more | 1.00 | —b | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| CHILD CHARACTERISTICS | |||
|
| |||
| Has autism spectrum disorder | 5.08**** | 4.03**** | 7.63**** |
| Female | 0.84** | 0.81* | 0.84 |
| Child’s age (years) | |||
| 2–5 | 1.69**** | 1.87**** | 1.42*** |
| 6–12 | 1.07 | 1.11 | 1.04 |
| 13–17 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Child’s race/ethnicity | |||
| White Hispanic | 1.42* | 1.68** | 1.16 |
| Black non-Hispanic | 0.83* | 0.82 | 0.85 |
| Black Hispanic | 0.90 | 1.30 | 0.22** |
| Other non-Hispanic | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.97 |
| Other Hispanic | 2.07**** | 2.63**** | 0.76 |
| White non-Hispanic | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Insurance status | |||
| Medicaid | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Private | 0.40**** | 0.49*** | 0.29**** |
| Uninsured | 1.18 | 1.58 | 0.48* |
SOURCE Authors’ analysis. NOTES The exhibit presents multivariable weighted logistic regression results that show the effects of policy and child and family characteristics on the likelihood that a parent of a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) stopped working relative to a parent of a child with asthma, using a quasi-difference-in-difference-in-differences approach. See the text for more information. Estimated cost, cost limit, and enrollment limit are defined in the text.
These results indicate the effects of a 1-standard-deviation increase in the corresponding waiver characteristic on the likelihood that a parent of a child with ASD stopped working relative to a parent of a child with asthma. “ASD no waiver” is the effect of not having a waiver (versus having a waiver) on the likelihood that a parent of a child with ASD stopped working.
Not applicable.
p < 0.10
p < 0.05
p < 0.01
p < 0.001