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Chemotherapy promotes immune evasion phenotype in surviving TNBC cells. Exposure of TNBC cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy (or hypoxia) induces expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α, leading to the HIF-mediated expression of PDL1, CD73, and CD47, which promote suppression of innate antitumor immunity mediated by macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and MDSCs, and suppression of adaptive antitumor immunity mediated by T cells. Ado, adenosine; IDO, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase.
