Table 2.
Study factors and postnatal depressive symptoms of mothers from South Western Sydney and Sydney Local Health Districts in 2014 (N = 17,564)
| Complete cases | Multiple imputation a | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Participants | cases | % | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | P value | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | P value |
| Postnatal depressive symptoms | 12,757 | 425 | 3.3 | ||||||||
| Maternal age group | |||||||||||
| 20–34 years | 8605 | 291 | 3.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| > 35 years | 3170 | 101 | 3.2 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.638 | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.422 | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.002 | 0.7 (0.8–0.9) | < 0.001 |
| < 20 years | 228 | 8 | 3.5 | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | 0.936 | 1.3 (0.5–3.) | 0.525 | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 0.094 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.862 |
| Socio-economic status | |||||||||||
| Low | 4964 | 211 | 4.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.0 | ||||
| Medium | 5877 | 162 | 2.8 | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | < 0.001 | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.010 | 0.6 (0.6–0.7) | < 0.001 | 0.7 (0.7–0.8) | < 0.001 |
| High | 1559 | 36 | 2.3 | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.001 | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.025 | 0.5 (0.4–0.5) | < 0.001 | 0.5 (0.5–0.6) | < 0.001 |
| Antenatal depressive symptoms | |||||||||||
| EPDS < 13 | 9405 | 225 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.0 | ||||
| EPDS ≥13 | 628 | 97 | 15.5 | 8.5 (6.5–11.0) | < 0.001 | 6.7 (4.9–9.3) | < 0.001 | 8.5 (8.2–8.8) | < 0.001 | 6.9 (6.6–7.2) | < 0.001 |
| CALD group | |||||||||||
| No | 6031 | 162 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Yes | 6005 | 252 | 4.2 | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | < 0.001 | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 0.002 | 1.4 (1.4–1.5) | < 0.001 | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | < 0.001 |
| Supportive Partner | |||||||||||
| Yes | 10,131 | 299 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.00 | ||||
| No/unsure | 103 | 36 | 10.9 | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 0.973 | 3.1 (2.0–4.9) | < 0.001 | 3.8 (3.6–4.0) | < 0.001 | 2.9 (2.7–3.2) | < 0.001 |
| Antenatal health problems | |||||||||||
| No | 8566 | 256 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Yes | 3177 | 123 | 3.9 | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 0.400 | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 0.287 | 1.3 (1.2–1.3) | < 0.001 | 1.2 (1.2–1.3) | < 0.001 |
| Physical intimate partner violence | |||||||||||
| No | 10,339 | 329 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Yes | 137 | 11 | 8.0 | 2.8 (1.5–5.3) | 0.001 | 0.9 (0.3–2.3) | 0.864 | 3.2 (2.9–3.5) | < 0.001 | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | < 0.001 |
| Psychological intimate partner violence | |||||||||||
| No | 10,196 | 317 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Yes | 102 | 15 | 14.7 | 5.5 (3.1–9.6) | < 0.001 | 5.3 (2.5–11.0) | < 0.001 | 5.7 (5.3–6.2) | < 0.001 | 4.6 (4.1–5.1) | < 0.001 |
| Type of delivery b | |||||||||||
| Normal vaginal | 7865 | 219 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Assisted vaginal | 1408 | 55 | 3.9 | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 0.014 | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 0.166 | 1.2 (1.2–1.3) | < 0.001 | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | < 0.001 |
| Caesarean section | 3448 | 151 | 4.4 | 1.6 (1.3–2.0) | < 0.001 | 1.7 (1.3–2.3) | < 0.001 | 1.4 (1.4–1.5) | < 0.001 | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | < 0.001 |
Information on maternal age, supportive partner, physical and psychological intimate partner violence, socio-economic status, antenatal depressive symptoms, CALD and antenatal health problems were collected during the antenatal period
CALD culturally and linguistically diverse
a Sensitivity analyses following multiple imputations for missing values
b Information on the type of delivery was collected soon after birth; and data on postnatal depressive symptoms were collected within the first six weeks post-birth. Multivariate model adjusted for variables with p-value < 0.1 in univariate analysis. The variables include maternal age, antenatal depressive symptoms, socioeconomic status, CALD, supportive partner, history of physical intimate partner violence, antenatal health problems, history of fear of partner/ex-partner and type of delivery