Table 3. Estimated Hypertension-Increased Annual Total Medical Expenditure (95% CI) (2014 $) for U.S. Adults by Diabetes Status, a 2013–2014 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
| Categories | Total population (N=40,746) | Population with diabetes (n=4,496) | Population without diabetes (n=36,250) | p-value for diabetes vs no diabetes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Totalb | 2,565 (2521, 2609) | 4,434 (4329, 4538) | 2,276 (2237, 2315) | <0.001 |
| Service type | ||||
| Inpatient | 767 (745, 788) | 1,730 (1671, 1788) | 468 (457, 480) | <0.001 |
| Outpatient | 595 (587, 602) | 926 (902, 951) | 565 (558, 572) | <0.001 |
| Medication | 758 (747, 769) | 1,272 (1243, 1301) | 687 (677, 697) | <0.001 |
| Emergency room | 82 (80, 84) | 179 (175, 183) | 59 (58, 60) | <0.001 |
| Others | 233 (229, 237) | 363 (351, 375) | 218 (214, 222) | <0.001 |
| Payment source | ||||
| Medicare | 1,159 (1117, 1201) | 2,753 (2655, 2852) | 669 (646, 692) | <0.001 |
| Out-of-pocket | 220 (218, 223) | 395 (385, 406) | 182 (180, 184) | <0.001 |
| Private insurance | 736 (719, 754) | 1,346 (1283, 1408) | 716 (698, 734) | <0.001 |
| Medicaid | 197 (183, 211) | 317 (296, 337) | 312 (293, 332) | 0.608 |
| Others | 254 (251, 258) | 226 (219, 232) | 277 (273, 282) | <0.001 |
a
Regression estimation for total expenditure, expenditure for outpatient service and prescription medication, and payment source of out-of-pocket for population with diabetes used a generalized linear model (GLM) with log link and gamma distribution because of the small number of zero expenditures. All other estimations used a two-part model.
b
Total does not equal to the sum of service types or sum of payment sources because of separate regression estimates.