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. 2018 Feb 20;13(2):e0192926. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192926

Table 1. Descriptive analysis of the sample.

Mexico, 2015.

Characteristics No falls Occasional falls Recurrent falls χ2
p value
(n = 5 132) (n = 1 570) (n = 2 896)
N (%) n (%) n (%)
Sociodemographic variables
Sex
Male 2637 (51.4) 632 (40.3) 1002 (34.6) <0.001
Female 2495 (48.6) 938 (59.7) 1894 (65.4)
Age group
60–79 4516 (88.0) 1354 (86.2) 2381 (82.2) <0.001
> = 80 616 (12.0) 216 (13.8) 515 (17.8)
Education
<10 years 4406 (87.0) 1394 (89.5) 2641 (91.9) <0.001
> = 10 years 657 (13.0) 164 (10.5) 234 (8.1)
Marital status
Married/living-in 3387 (66.0) 986 (62.8) 1666 (57.0) <0.001
Unmarried/single 1745 (34.0) 584 (37.2) 1230 (42.5)
Employment
Employed 1785 (35.1) 484 (31.0) 721 (25.1) <0.001
Unemployed 3299 (64.9) 1079 (69.0) 2152 (74.9)
Place of residence
Rural 913 (17.8) 252 (16.1) 627 (21.7) <0.001
Urban 4219 (82.2) 1318 (83.9) 2269 (78.3)
Medical variables
Self-perception of health status
Very good or good 1781 (34.7) 464 (29.6) 631 (21.8) <0.001
Regular 2715 (52.9) 870 (55.4) 1570 (51.2)
Very poor or poor 634 (12.4) 235 (15.0) 695 (24.0)
Permanent activity-limiting pain
Yes 750 (14.6) 265 (16.9) 848 (29.3) <0.001
No 4381 (85.4) 1305 (83.1) 2047 (70.7)
Urinary incontinence
Yes 1330 (25.9) 475 (30.3) 1216 (42.0) <0.001
No 3798 (74.1) 1095 (69.7) 1679 (58.0)
Vision problems
Yes 2346 (45.8) 747 (47.6) 1577 (54.5) <0.001
No 2781 (54.2) 821 (52.4) 1317 (45.5)
Hearing problems
Yes 1786 (34.9) 585 (37.4) 1264 (43.8) <0.001
No 3326 (65.1) 980 (62.6) 1625 (56.2)
Cognitive decline
No deterioration 4145 (83.6) 1252 (82.2) 2212 (78.4) <0.001
Light deterioration 216 (4.4) 90 (5.9) 149 (5.3)
Severe deterioration 14 (0.3) 2 (0.1) 7 (0.2)
Inconclusive test 584 (11.8) 180 (11.8) 455 (16.1)
Depression
Yes 1322 (26.0) 471 (30.3) 1287 (44.9) <0.001
No 3760 (74.0) 1085 (69.7) 1580 (55.1)
Hypertension
Yes 2522 (49.2) 836 (53.4) 1663 (57.5) <0.001
No 2606 (50.8) 731 (46.6) 1229 (42.5)
Diabetes
Yes 1243 (24.3) 409 (26.1) 873 (30.2) <0.001
No 3882 (75.7) 1159 (73.9) 2020 (69.8)
Cancer
Yes 117 (2.3) 47 (3.0) 87 (3.0) 0.088
No 5009 (97.7) 1523 (97.0) 2805 (97.0)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
Yes 278 (5.4) 111 (7.1) 232 (8.0) <0.001
No 4850 (94.6) 1459 (92.9) 2664 (92.0)
Heart attack
Yes 206 (4.0) 72 (4.6) 140 (4.8) 0.200
No 4923 (96.0) 1497 (95.4) 2755 (95.2)
Angina
Yes 343 (6.7) 120 (7.7) 288 (10.0) <0.001
No 4769 (93.3) 1448 (92.3) 2602 (90.0)
Stroke
Yes 99 (1.9) 28 (1.8) 84 (2.9) 0.008
No 5025 (98.1) 1540 (98.2) 2812 (97.1)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Yes 744 (14.5) 237 (15.1) 692 (23.9) <0.001
No 4379 (85.5) 1332 (84.9) 2199 (76.1)
Functional variables
Limitations in ADL
Yes 863 (26.5) 335 (29.7) 941 (39.7) <0.001
No 2396 (73.5) 793 (70.3) 1431 (60.3)
Limitations in IADL
Yes 828 (16.2) 296 (18.9) 762 (26.4) <0.001
No 4284 (83.8) 1273 (81.1) 2126 (73.6)
Limitations in AADL
Yes 2821 (55.2) 1011 (64.4) 2184 (75.6) <0.001
No 2291 (44.8) 558 (35.6) 704 (24.4)

ADL, Activities of Daily Living; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; AADL, Advanced activities of daily living.