Table 1. Descriptive analysis of the sample.
Characteristics | No falls | Occasional falls | Recurrent falls |
χ2 p value |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 5 132) | (n = 1 570) | (n = 2 896) | |||||
N | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | ||
Sociodemographic variables | |||||||
Sex | |||||||
Male | 2637 | (51.4) | 632 | (40.3) | 1002 | (34.6) | <0.001 |
Female | 2495 | (48.6) | 938 | (59.7) | 1894 | (65.4) | |
Age group | |||||||
60–79 | 4516 | (88.0) | 1354 | (86.2) | 2381 | (82.2) | <0.001 |
> = 80 | 616 | (12.0) | 216 | (13.8) | 515 | (17.8) | |
Education | |||||||
<10 years | 4406 | (87.0) | 1394 | (89.5) | 2641 | (91.9) | <0.001 |
> = 10 years | 657 | (13.0) | 164 | (10.5) | 234 | (8.1) | |
Marital status | |||||||
Married/living-in | 3387 | (66.0) | 986 | (62.8) | 1666 | (57.0) | <0.001 |
Unmarried/single | 1745 | (34.0) | 584 | (37.2) | 1230 | (42.5) | |
Employment | |||||||
Employed | 1785 | (35.1) | 484 | (31.0) | 721 | (25.1) | <0.001 |
Unemployed | 3299 | (64.9) | 1079 | (69.0) | 2152 | (74.9) | |
Place of residence | |||||||
Rural | 913 | (17.8) | 252 | (16.1) | 627 | (21.7) | <0.001 |
Urban | 4219 | (82.2) | 1318 | (83.9) | 2269 | (78.3) | |
Medical variables | |||||||
Self-perception of health status | |||||||
Very good or good | 1781 | (34.7) | 464 | (29.6) | 631 | (21.8) | <0.001 |
Regular | 2715 | (52.9) | 870 | (55.4) | 1570 | (51.2) | |
Very poor or poor | 634 | (12.4) | 235 | (15.0) | 695 | (24.0) | |
Permanent activity-limiting pain | |||||||
Yes | 750 | (14.6) | 265 | (16.9) | 848 | (29.3) | <0.001 |
No | 4381 | (85.4) | 1305 | (83.1) | 2047 | (70.7) | |
Urinary incontinence | |||||||
Yes | 1330 | (25.9) | 475 | (30.3) | 1216 | (42.0) | <0.001 |
No | 3798 | (74.1) | 1095 | (69.7) | 1679 | (58.0) | |
Vision problems | |||||||
Yes | 2346 | (45.8) | 747 | (47.6) | 1577 | (54.5) | <0.001 |
No | 2781 | (54.2) | 821 | (52.4) | 1317 | (45.5) | |
Hearing problems | |||||||
Yes | 1786 | (34.9) | 585 | (37.4) | 1264 | (43.8) | <0.001 |
No | 3326 | (65.1) | 980 | (62.6) | 1625 | (56.2) | |
Cognitive decline | |||||||
No deterioration | 4145 | (83.6) | 1252 | (82.2) | 2212 | (78.4) | <0.001 |
Light deterioration | 216 | (4.4) | 90 | (5.9) | 149 | (5.3) | |
Severe deterioration | 14 | (0.3) | 2 | (0.1) | 7 | (0.2) | |
Inconclusive test | 584 | (11.8) | 180 | (11.8) | 455 | (16.1) | |
Depression | |||||||
Yes | 1322 | (26.0) | 471 | (30.3) | 1287 | (44.9) | <0.001 |
No | 3760 | (74.0) | 1085 | (69.7) | 1580 | (55.1) | |
Hypertension | |||||||
Yes | 2522 | (49.2) | 836 | (53.4) | 1663 | (57.5) | <0.001 |
No | 2606 | (50.8) | 731 | (46.6) | 1229 | (42.5) | |
Diabetes | |||||||
Yes | 1243 | (24.3) | 409 | (26.1) | 873 | (30.2) | <0.001 |
No | 3882 | (75.7) | 1159 | (73.9) | 2020 | (69.8) | |
Cancer | |||||||
Yes | 117 | (2.3) | 47 | (3.0) | 87 | (3.0) | 0.088 |
No | 5009 | (97.7) | 1523 | (97.0) | 2805 | (97.0) | |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary | |||||||
Yes | 278 | (5.4) | 111 | (7.1) | 232 | (8.0) | <0.001 |
No | 4850 | (94.6) | 1459 | (92.9) | 2664 | (92.0) | |
Heart attack | |||||||
Yes | 206 | (4.0) | 72 | (4.6) | 140 | (4.8) | 0.200 |
No | 4923 | (96.0) | 1497 | (95.4) | 2755 | (95.2) | |
Angina | |||||||
Yes | 343 | (6.7) | 120 | (7.7) | 288 | (10.0) | <0.001 |
No | 4769 | (93.3) | 1448 | (92.3) | 2602 | (90.0) | |
Stroke | |||||||
Yes | 99 | (1.9) | 28 | (1.8) | 84 | (2.9) | 0.008 |
No | 5025 | (98.1) | 1540 | (98.2) | 2812 | (97.1) | |
Rheumatoid arthritis | |||||||
Yes | 744 | (14.5) | 237 | (15.1) | 692 | (23.9) | <0.001 |
No | 4379 | (85.5) | 1332 | (84.9) | 2199 | (76.1) | |
Functional variables | |||||||
Limitations in ADL | |||||||
Yes | 863 | (26.5) | 335 | (29.7) | 941 | (39.7) | <0.001 |
No | 2396 | (73.5) | 793 | (70.3) | 1431 | (60.3) | |
Limitations in IADL | |||||||
Yes | 828 | (16.2) | 296 | (18.9) | 762 | (26.4) | <0.001 |
No | 4284 | (83.8) | 1273 | (81.1) | 2126 | (73.6) | |
Limitations in AADL | |||||||
Yes | 2821 | (55.2) | 1011 | (64.4) | 2184 | (75.6) | <0.001 |
No | 2291 | (44.8) | 558 | (35.6) | 704 | (24.4) |
ADL, Activities of Daily Living; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; AADL, Advanced activities of daily living.