Table 6. Comparison of obesity indexes according to serum betaine levels in men1.
| Betaine (μmol/L) | Low2 | Medium2 | High2 | P4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-Medicated3 | 106 | 107 | 107 | |
| Betaine (μmol/L) | 26.27±3.26 | 34.97±2.54 | 48.41±8.61 | 0.000 |
| (14.97~30.79) | (30.80~39.48) | (39.49~83.32) | ||
| Age (year) | 40.00±13.56 | 39.40±12.79 | 35.23±11.40 | -5 |
| Calorie intake (kcal/day) | 2145.89±874.62 | 2190.32±943.47 | 2457.64±1022.10 | -5 |
| Physical activity | 8.35±1.39 | 8.62±1.55 | 8.62±1.57 | -5 |
| Weight (kg) | 91.91±16.29 | 88.55±15.19 | 82.23±11.83 | 0.000 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.09±4.63 | 28.24±4.16 | 26.26±3.70 | 0.000 |
| WC (cm) | 101.90±12.84 | 98.76±12.46 | 93.77±10.22 | 0.000 |
| WHR | 0.99±0.05 | 0.98±0.06 | 0.96±0.06 | 0.002 |
| TF (%) | 33.41±8.44 | 31.47±8.05 | 28.11±9.81 | 0.002 |
| AF (%) | 39.71±10.22 | 37.16±9.36 | 33.59±11.78 | 0.005 |
| GF (%) | 30.75±7.71 | 30.05±7.37 | 27.44±7.04 | 0.007 |
| VF (%) | 1.49±0.85 | 1.28±0.78 | 1.00±0.79 | 0.005 |
| BF (%) | 27.63±7.20 | 26.37±7.11 | 23.53±7.72 | 0.003 |
| LM (%) | 68.55±6.87 | 69.78±6.76 | 72.50±7.46 | 0.002 |
| Medicated3 | 72 | 72 | 72 | |
| Betaine (μmol/L) | 27.54±3.96 | 36.97±2.72 | 52.69±9.72 | 0.000 |
| (14.98~32.68) | (32.69~42.63) | (42.64~83.09) | ||
| Age (year) | 44.93±11.88 | 48.16±11.02 | 51.30±11.48 | -5 |
| Calorie intake (kcal/day) | 2262.34±1539.01 | 2075.62±806.38 | 1985.35±810.89 | -5 |
| Physical activity | 8.04±1.71 | 8.23±1.48 | 8.15±1.67 | -5 |
| Weight (kg) | 95.07±18.95 | 87.58±13.99 | 84.81±14.71 | 0.002 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.70±5.35 | 28.17±4.32 | 27.78±4.39 | 0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 105.72±13.32 | 99.52±11.92 | 98.94±12.44 | 0.000 |
| WHR | 0.99±0.04 | 0.98±0.06 | 0.97±0.06 | 0.216 |
| TF (%) | 35.09±7.86 | 32.64±8.40 | 31.75±8.59 | 0.006 |
| AF (%) | 41.24±9.16 | 38.89±9.95 | 38.55±10.63 | 0.055 |
| GF (%) | 31.38±6.82 | 28.13±6.28 | 28.36±8.54 | 0.017 |
| VF (%) | 1.80±0.90 | 1.76±0.89 | 1.82±0.89 | 0.582 |
| BF (%) | 29.21±6.91 | 26.49±7.05 | 26.07±7.67 | 0.005 |
| LM (%) | 67.23±6.56 | 69.69±6.76 | 70.21±7.27 | 0.006 |
WC, waist circumference; WHR, Waist-to-hip ratio; AF%, percent android fat; GF (%), percent gynoid fat; TF(%), percent trunk fat (%); VF (%), percent visceral fat; BF (%), total percent body fat; LM (%), total percent lean mass.
1All values are mean ± SDs;
2The subjects were divided to low, medium and high serum choline groups based on serum choline levels (umol/L);
3Sample size range in each study group;
4Significant differences between intervention groups. Data were assessed with ANCOVA controlling for age, total calorie intake, physical activity level. Statistical significance was set to p<0.05;
5As controlling factor, their differences were not analyzed.