Table 2. Characteristics of endurance athletes, stratified according to the new 4-tiered classification of LVH.
| Variable | Normal LV geometry (n = 104) |
Concentric LV remodeling (n = 28) |
Eccentric LVH non-dilated (n = 7) |
Eccentric LVH dilated (n = 15) |
Concentric LVH non-dilated (n = 20) |
P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 41±7 | 44±7† | 39±5 | 39±7 | 46±10‡,§ | 0.019 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.9±1.9 | 23.8±1.9† | 22.6±1.5 | 22.4±1.3 | 22.9±1.8 | 0.133 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.9±0.1 | 2.0±0.1 | 1.8±0.1 | 1.9±0.1 | 1.9±0.2 | 0.024 |
| Heart rate at rest (bpm) | 61±10 | 68±10† | 52±6 | 51±8 | 62±9§ | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP at rest (mmHg) | 121±9 | 127±7† | 125±11 | 124±10 | 124±10 | 0.040 |
| Diastolic BP at rest (mmHg) | 76±7 | 78±7 | 78±5 | 74±8 | 80±6§ | 0.040 |
| Markers of endurance training | ||||||
| Cumulative lifetime endurance training (hours) | 2600 (1040, 5304) |
2838 (884, 5200) |
7020 (4966, 8554) |
9532 (8086, 13282) |
2340§ (1690, 5720) |
<0.001 |
| 10 mile race time (hours:min) | 1:11±0:10 | 1:15±0:13 | 1:02±0:04 | 1:00±0:05 | 1:08±0:08 | <0.001* |
| Echocardiography | ||||||
| LV mass/BSA (g/m2) | 93.3±12.7 | 105.1±7.2† | 120.0±2.2 | 129.3±8.0 | 128.0±7.6‡ | b.d. |
| Concentricity (ml/m2/3) | 7.5±0.9 | 10.0±0.9 | 8.6±0.3 | 8.5±0.5 | 10.7±1.3 | b.d. |
| LV EDV/BSA (ml/m2) | 60.9±10.0 | 48.2±6.2† | 70.5±3.0 | 81.8±7.1 | 57.9±8.8‡,§ | b.d. |
| LV length (cm) | 8.8±0.7 | 8.6±0.6 | 9.2±0.6 | 9.4±0.5 | 8.5±0.5‡,§ | <0.001 |
| IVSd (mm) | 10.2±1.2 | 11.4±1.0† | 10.5±0.6 | 11.2±1.2 | 12.1±1.2‡,§ | <0.001 |
| LVID (mm) | 50.4±4.1 | 50.2±4.3 | 53.0±2.0 | 57.3±2.5 | 52.9±4.0§ | <0.001 |
| PWT (mm) | 9.4±1.1 | 10.5±1.0† | 10.4±1.0 | 10.0±1.0 | 10.9±0.7§ | <0.001 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 63.7±4.7 | 64.9±4.8 | 64.5±5.2 | 63.7±4.6 | 65.9±5.7 | 0.368 |
| E’ mean (cm/s) | 12.8±2.0 | 12.5±1.7 | 12.6±1.3 | 12.3±2.0 | 12.1±2.1 | 0.640 |
| LAVI (ml/m2) | 30.1±6.0 | 28.5±5.9 | 34.4±4.3 | 36.3±7.1 | 33.8±7.0 | <0.001 |
*P-Value of Dunnett-Test because of heterogeneity of variances
†P-Value of Tukey post-hoc test <0.05 vs normal LV mass
‡P-Value of Tukey post-hoc test <0.05 vs eccentric non-dilated
§P-Value of Tukey post-hoc test <0.05 vs eccentric dilated
BP, blood pressure; LV, left ventricle; BSA, body surface area; IVS, interventricular septum; ID, internal diameter; PWT, posterior wall thickness; EDV, end-diastolic volume; E’ mean, E‘, peak early diastolic septal and lateral tissue Doppler mitral annular velocity; LAVI: left atrial volume index.