TABLE 2.
Risk or Protective Factors Associated With Any Sexual Violence Against Male Children in Haiti, Kenya, and Cambodia
| N | Never Experienced Sexual Violence | Experienced Sexual Violence | Crude OR (95% CI) | P | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Risk Factor Prevalence (%) | Risk Factor Prevalence (%) | ||||||
| Haiti | |||||||
| Female head of household | 1360 | 47.2 | 54.3 | 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | .08 | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | .08 |
| Respondent has ever had to work for money | 1362 | 39.1 | 55.1 | 1.9 (1.4–2.7) | <.001 | 2.0 (1.4–2.9) | <.001 |
| Orphan (≥1 parents died before 18) | 1319 | 21.2 | 26.4 | 1.3 (1.0–1.9) | .09 | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | .08 |
| Respondent feels he can talk to his family | 1342 | 93.1 | 91.3 | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | .44 | ||
| Currently attending school | 1364 | 74.5 | 74.3 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | .97 | ||
| Respondent feels/felt close to other students | 1319 | 91.7 | 91.1 | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | .81 | ||
| Respondent feels teachers care(d) about him | 1317 | 90.1 | 81.2 | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) | .04 | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | .03 |
| Respondent has friends he can talk to | 1348 | 87.2 | 89.7 | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | .35 | ||
| Household has electricity | 1359 | 45.0 | 38.8 | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | .18 | ||
| Age (y; mean) | 1365 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | .98 | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | .17 |
| Kenya | |||||||
| Female head of household | 1412 | 43.1 | 41.4 | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | .71 | ||
| Respondent has ever had to work for money | 1400 | 47.1 | 61.3 | 1.8 (1.2–2.7) | <.01 | 1.8 (1.2–2.8) | <.01 |
| Orphan (≥1 parents died before 18) | 1368 | 21.8 | 29.7 | 1.5 (0.9–2.4) | .09 | 1.4 (0.9–2.3) | .15 |
| Respondent feels he can talk to his family | 1419 | 90.9 | 82.8 | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | .03 | 0.6 (0.3–1.5) | .28 |
| Currently attending school | 1401 | 61.0 | 53.3 | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | .06 | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | .53 |
| Respondent feels/felt close to other students | 1390 | 96.0 | 98.3 | 2.4 (0.7–7.9) | .15 | ||
| Respondent feels teachers care(d) about him | 1392 | 93.3 | 93.0 | 0.9 (0.5–1.9) | .88 | ||
| Respondent has friends he can talk to | 1410 | 93.7 | 88.5 | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | .06 | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | .15 |
| Household has electricity | 1370 | 21.3 | 24.8 | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | .38 | ||
| Age (y; mean) | 1419 | 17.7 | 18.3 | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | .03 | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | .88 |
| Cambodia | |||||||
| Female head of household | 1222 | 19.4 | 16.3 | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | .51 | ||
| Respondent has ever had to work for money | 1231 | 53.2 | 52.7 | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | .94 | ||
| Orphan (≥1 parents died before 18) | 1227 | 10.2 | 7.9b | 0.8 (0.3–1.6) | .47 | ||
| Relationship with mother (close or very close) | 1222 | 97.6 | 100.0 | c | c | ||
| Relationship with father (close or very close) | 1214 | 90.8 | 93.8 | 1.5 (0.6–3.7) | .34 | ||
| Currently attending school | 1233 | 53.0 | 58.4 | 1.2 (0.8–2.1) | .40 | ||
| Respondent feels close to other studentsd | 668 | 92.5 | 98.3 | 4.6 (0.6–33.8) | .13 | ||
| Respondent has friends he can talk to | 1229 | 72.7 | 75.1 | 1.1 (0.6–2.2) | .71 | ||
| Household has electricity | 1221 | 48.6 | 56.3 | 1.4 (0.7–2.5) | .32 | ||
| Age (y; mean) | 1233 | 17.9 | 18.2 | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | .42 | ||
In this exploratory analysis, potential risk factors were considered to be female-headed household, respondent having to work for money, and orphanhood. Potential protective factors included attending school, strong relationships with family/peers/teachers, and presence of electricity. Potential responses on relationship items are slightly different between Cambodia and Kenya/Haiti. Adjusted regression models control for all risk factors significant at the P < .10 level in bivariate analyses.
Number of respondents answering each question about risk factors and sexual violence history.
Relative SE >30%, estimates based on small numbers should be interpreted with caution.
Unable to be calculated as 1 cell contains 100%.
This question only asked of presently attending students in Cambodia.