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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Feb 20.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2016 Mar 29;40:97–102. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.02.028

Figure 1. NOD2 promotes the expression and secretion of α-defensins in Paneth cells.

Figure 1

A. NOD2 activates the NF-κB pathway upon induction with MDP, resulting in the expression of α-defensins. NOD2 interacts with ATG16L, which leads to the secretion of α-defensins. Commensal bacteria remain distant from Paneth cells. B. CD mutant NOD2 has reduced activation of α-defensin expression. It is unable to recruit ATG16L, decreasing secretion of α-defensins. Harmful bacteria can invade the mucosal layer with decreased protection. C. The structure of NOD2-activating ligand MDP.