Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| CT-hDAI-negative (n=291) |
CT-hDAI-positive (n=70) |
P | CT-hDAI-positive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predominant (n=36) |
P | Associated (n=34) |
P | ||||
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age (years) | 56 (36;72) | 32 (24; 52) | <.001 | 30 (24;47) | <.001 | 40 (25;55) | 0.004 |
| Male | 206 (71) | 54 (77) | 0.29 | 28 (78) | 0.44 | 26 (76) | 0.49 |
| Race | 0.22 | 0.92 | 0.07 | ||||
| White | 265 (91) | 64 (91) | 35 (97) | 29 (85) | |||
| Black | 10 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| Asian | 5 (2) | 3 (4) | 0 (0) | 3 (9) | |||
| Other | 11 (4) | 3 (4) | 1 (3) | 2 (6) | |||
| Ethnicity | 1 | 0.49 | 0.51 | ||||
| Latino | 23 (8) | 5 (7) | 1 (3) | 4 (12) | |||
| Non-Latino | 268 (92) | 65 (93) | 35 (97) | 30 (88) | |||
| Trauma cause | <.001 | <.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| High velocity trauma | 94 (32) | 55 (79) | 32 (89) | 23 (68) | |||
| Fall | 156 (54) | 12 (17) | 3 (8) | 9 (26) | |||
| Assault/object hit head | 26 (9) | 3 (4) | 1 (3) | 2 (6) | |||
| Gunshot wound | 15 (5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| Exam findings | |||||||
| Hypotension | 32 (11) | 15 (21) | 0.02 | 4 (11) | 1 | 11 (32) | <.001 |
| Hypoxia | 19 (7) | 8 (11) | 0.2 | 5 (14) | 0.16 | 3 (9) | 0.71 |
| Pupillary reactivity | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.05 | ||||
| None | 70 (24) | 21 (30) | 6 (17) | 15 (44) | |||
| One | 26 (9) | 5 (7) | 3 (8) | 2 (6) | |||
| Both | 195 (67) | 44 (63) | 27 (75) | 17 (50) | |||
| mGCS | 0.16 | 0.69 | 0.1 | ||||
| 1. No motor response | 97 (33) | 32 (46) | 14 (39) | 18 (53) | |||
| 2. Extension to pain | 18 (6) | 3 (4) | 1 (3) | 2 (6) | |||
| 3. Flexion to pain | 8 (3) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | |||
| 4. Withdrawal from pain | 42 (14) | 9 (13) | 4 (11) | 5 (15) | |||
| 5. Localizing pain | 92 (32) | 23 (33) | 15 (42) | 8 (24) | |||
| 6. Obeys commands | 34 (12) | 2 (3) | 2 (6) | 0 (0) | |||
| ISS | 26 (24;35) | 36 (27; 45) | <.001 | 36 (28;45) | <.001 | 35 (27;43) | <.001 |
| Neuroimaging | |||||||
| Marshall CT score first CT | <.001 | <.001 | 0.19 | ||||
| I. No visible pathology | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| II. Cisterns intact | 160 (55) | 54 (77) | 35 (97) | 19 (56) | |||
| III. Cisterns compressed | 40 (14) | 10 (14) | 1 (3) | 9 (26) | |||
| IV. Midline shift >5 mm | 19 (7) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | |||
| V. Surgically evacuated lesion | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| VI. Non-evacuated lesion >25 ml | 72 (25) | 5 (7) | 0 (0) | 5 (15) | |||
| DAI grade I | – | 49 (70) | – | 29 (81) | – | 20 (59) | – |
| DAI grade II | – | 2 (3) | – | 2 (6) | – | 0 (0) | – |
| DAI grade III | – | 19 (27) | – | 5 (14) | – | 14 (41) | – |
| Subdural hematoma | 248 (85) | 44 (63) | <.001 | 15 (42) | <.001 | 29 (85) | 1 |
| Contusion | 160 (55) | 33 (47) | 0.24 | 10 (28) | 0.002 | 23 (68) | 0.16 |
| Epidural hematoma | 15 (5) | 1 (1) | 0.33 | 0 | 0.34 | 1 (3) | 1 |
| Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage | 230 (79) | 57 (81) | 0.66 | 28 (78) | 0.83 | 29 (85) | 0.5 |
| Midline shift (mm); median (IQR) | 3 (0;8) | 0 (0;3) | <.001 | 0 (0;0) | <.001 | 1.8 (0;6) | 0.44 |
| Hematoma volume (ml); median (IQR) | 20 (4;67) | 0 (0; 6) | <.001 | 0 (0;1) | <.001 | 4 (0;27) | 0.002 |
| Outcome | |||||||
| Discharge survival | 160 (55) | 52 (74) | 0.003 | 35 (97) | <.001 | 17 (50) | 0.58 |
| Favorable 3-month outcome | 46 (20) | 18 (35) | 0.02 | 12 (52) | <.001 | 6 (21) | 1 |
| Favorable 12-month outcome | 49 (23) | 20 (44) | 0.004 | 15 (75) | <.001 | 5 (20) | 0.81 |
All statistical comparisons were made to CT defined hemorrhagic DAI (hDAI)-negative patients. Midline shift and hematoma volume were assessed on the first available head CT. P-values ≤0.02 (corrected for multiple [n=60] testing) were considered significant and are listed in bold. mGCS indicates motor GCS; ISS= injury severity score; LOS= length of stay. Data are presented as n (%) or median (interquartile range). Data are complete for all included variables.