Table 1. Participant characteristics.

Characteristics	N=149
Mean Age at study in months	47.2 (18.9) Range: 6-82 months
Mean Age at HL identification in months	10.3 (12.3); Median 4
Male	85 (57.1%)
Race
Caucasian	120 (80.5%)
African American	23 (15.4%)
Asian	3 (2%)
Other	3 (2%)
Hispanic	6 (4%)
Born premature	29 (19.5%)
Etiology of hearing loss
Unknown	61 (40.9%)
Inner ear malformations	18 (12.1%)
Prematurity related	17 (11.4%)
Genetic	15 (10.1%)
Syndrome-related	13 (8.7%)
Infection (in-utero)	9 (6.0%)
Other	16 (10.7%)
Degree of hearing loss
Mild	20 (13.4%)
Moderate	62 (41.6%)
Severe	28 (18.8%)
Profound	39 (26.2%)
Received a cochlear implant	54 (36.7%)
Age at cochlear implantation surgery	26.3 (14.8)
Duration with implant in months	26.3 (16.9); Median 24
Mother's education
Some HS	2 (1.3%)
HS/GED	23 (15.4%)
Some college	37 (24.8%)
College graduate	46 (30.9%)
Post college	40 (26.9%)
Unknown	1 (0.7%)
Father's education
<8th grade	2 (1.3%)
Some HS	10 (6.7%)
HS/GED	28 (18.8%)
Some college	25 (16.8%)
College graduate	47 (31.5%)
Post college	27 (18.1%)
Unknown/NA	10 (6.7%)
Insurance coverage
Private Insurance	73 (49%)
Public health insurance only	51 (34.2%)
Combination of private and public	25 (16.8%)
Income at or below poverty level	24 (16.1%)
Socioeconomic status*
1 (Lowest)	38 (25.5%)
2	33 (22.2%)
3	26 (17.5%)
4 (highest)	48 (32.2%)
unknown	4 (2.7%)
Nonverbal IQ	95.5 (20.2)
NVIQ Categories
<80	31 (20.8%)
80-100	40 (26.9%)
>100	78 (52.4%)
Language receptive standard score	85 (18.8)
Language expressive standard score	85 (18.9)
Language receptive score <85	71 (47.7%)
Ratio of receptive language to NVIQ	0.89 (0.22)
Ratio <0.85	61 (41%)

^*Quartiles of SES index using mother's education, father's education and income level. Lower quartiles indicate lower SES status.