Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of low muscle mass (LMM) and low muscle strength (LMS) in US adults aged 50 years and older in the NHANES 1999–2002
| LMM | Non-LMM | P | LMM | Non-LMM | P | LMS | Non-LMS | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| ALM | ALM/BMI | ||||||||
| Age | 68.7 (0.5) | 62.4 (0.2) | < 0.001 | 67.8 (0.5) | 62.7 (0.2) | < 0.001 | 71.5 (0.5) | 60.8 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 319 (21.8) | 1797 (52.6) | < 0.001 | 503 (51.9) | 1559 (44.5) | < 0.001 | 386 (42.2) | 1154 (48.2) | 0.028 |
| Female | 779 (78.2) | 1377 (47.4) | 418 (48.1) | 1683 (55.5) | 376 (57.8) | 1126 (51.8) | |||
| Race | |||||||||
| Non-Hispanic whites | 616 (77.7) | 1754 (79.0) | < 0.001 | 463 (77.6) | 1837 (79.0) | < 0.001 | 454 (78.8) | 1304 (80.9) | 0.569 |
| Non-Hispanic blacks | 63 (3.1) | 670 (10.1) | 38 (2.3) | 684 (9.9) | 123 (8.2) | 380 (7.7) | |||
| Hispanics | 376 (13.0) | 676 (7.9) | 393 (15.2) | 634 (7.7) | 163 (8.9) | 537 (8.4) | |||
| Other | 43 (6.2) | 74 (2.9) | 27 (4.9) | 87 (3.5) | 22 (4.2) | 59 (3.0) | |||
| Education | |||||||||
| Less than high school | 522 (33.2) | 1197 (25.5) | < 0.001 | 498 (38.3) | 1164 (24.4) | < 0.001 | 347 (36.2) | 760 (21.4) | < 0.001 |
| High school diploma (including GED) | 246 (28.7) | 694 (24.8) | 190 (27.9) | 726 (25.3) | 168 (25.4) | 524 (25.6) | |||
| More than high school | 323 (38.1) | 1279 (49.7) | 230 (33.7) | 1345 (50.3) | 243 (38.4) | 995 (53.0) | |||
| Smoking | |||||||||
| Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in life | 530 (48.9) | 1745 (56.1) | 0.001 | 492 (53.7) | 1725 (54.5) | 0.727 | 390 (50.6) | 1256 (56.1) | 0.012 |
| Alcohol use | |||||||||
| At least 12 alcohol drinks per year | 17 (2.0) | 88 (3.4) | 0.033 | 12 (1.3) | 92 (3.5) | 0.008 | 17 (2.6) | 66 (3.5) | 0.303 |
| LTPA(leisure time physical activity) | |||||||||
| No leisure time physical activity | 692 (56.2) | 1625 (44.0) | < 0.001 | 604 (61.0) | 1628 (43.2) | < 0.001 | 476 (58.2) | 1037 (38.7) | < 0.001 |
| 0–750 MET/week | 217 (21.8) | 697 (24.7) | 181 (23.8) | 720 (24.4) | 144 (22.8) | 551 (26.5) | |||
| ≥750 MET/week | 189 (22.0) | 852 (31.2) | 136 (15.2) | 894 (32.4) | 142 (19.0) | 692 (34.8) | |||
| Sedentary time (screen time) | |||||||||
| <3hours/day | 557 (50.0) | 1584 (51.3) | 0.538 | 422 (40.8) | 1672 (53.3) | < 0.001 | 346 (41.5) | 1210 (55.6) | < 0.001 |
| ≥3hours/day | 536 (50.0) | 1585 (48.7) | 496 (59.2) | 1563 (46.7) | 413 (58.5) | 1067 (44.4) | |||
| Anthropometric measures | |||||||||
| Weight (kg) | 60.1 (0.4) | 85.5 (0.4) | < 0.001 | 80.3 (0.7) | 79.6 (0.5) | 0.397 | 71.3 (0.9) | 81.3 (0.5) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 (0.2) | 29.9 (0.2) | < 0.001 | 31.2 (0.3) | 28.0 (0.2) | < 0.001 | 26.2 (0.3) | 28.7 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.2 (0.4) | 103.1 (0.4) | < 0.001 | 105.2 (0.7) | 98.3 (0.4) | < 0.001 | 96 (0.7) | 99.5 (0.4) | < 0.001 |
| Body fat (%) | 37.2 (0.2) | 36.3 (0.2) | 0.006 | 40.4 (0.3) | 35.6 (0.2) | < 0.001 | 36.5 (0.3) | 36 (0.2) | 0.207 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 22.8 (0.2) | 31.6 (0.3) | < 0.001 | 33.0 (0.38) | 28.9 (0.3) | < 0.001 | 26.6 (0.4) | 29.7 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
| Appendicular lean mass (%) | 24.0 (0.1) | 26.3 (0.1) | < 0.001 | 23.2 (0.1) | 26.3 (0.1) | < 0.001 | 25.1 (0.1) | 26.2 (0.1) | < 0.001 |
| Appendicular lean mass (kg) | 14.4 (0.1) | 22.5 (0.1) | < 0.001 | 18.8 (0.2) | 21.1 (0.1) | < 0.001 | 18.0 (0.3) | 21.5 (0.1) | < 0.001 |
| Muscular strength | |||||||||
| Knee extensor peak force (N/m) | 259.4 (4.2) | 392.0 (3.9) | < 0.001 | 321.8 (6.4) | 371.4 (2.8) | < 0.001 | 212.9 (3.1) | 398.2 (2.8) | < 0.001 |
| Metabolic risk factors | |||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 139.0 (0.9) | 132.1 (0.6) | < 0.001 | 138.1 (1.6) | 132.7 (0.5) | 0.001 | 138.7 (1.5) | 131.2 (0.6) | < 0.001 |
| Diabolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 69.3 (0.7) | 72.8 (0.4) | < 0.001 | 70.1 (0.7) | 72.5 (0.4) | 0.001 | 68 (0.9) | 73.9 (0.4) | < 0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 218.8 (1.8) | 212.5 (1.2) | 0.009 | 213.7 (2.1) | 214.3 (0.9) | 0.8 | 212.6 (1.7) | 215.9 (1.1) | 0.089 |
| High density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | 61.8 (1.0) | 50.6 (0.4) | < 0.001 | 51.1 (0.7) | 53.4 (0.5) | 0.003 | 55.4 (1.3) | 52.8 (0.6) | 0.073 |
| Low density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | 127.5 (2.0) | 129.6 (1.3) | 0.357 | 127.0 (2.0) | 130.0 (1.2) | 0.212 | 124.9 (2.4) | 132.2 (1.7) | 0.018 |
| Total triglycerides (mg/dl) | 145.7 (3.9) | 172.0 (7.1) | 0.001 | 186.5 (22.5) | 161.8 (6.0) | 0.31 | 165.9 (8.6) | 165.7 (8.5) | 0.986 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 103.7 (1.6) | 110.4 (1.3) | 0.002 | 114.3 (2.8) | 107.7 (1.3) | 0.049 | 109.6 (2.0) | 107.2 (1.4) | 0.331 |
| Fasting insulin (μU/ml) | 9.2 (0.3) | 13.6 (0.3) | < 0.001 | 15.2 (1.3) | 12.0 (0.3) | 0.032 | 11.7 (1.1) | 12.5 (0.4) | 0.546 |
| HOMA-IR (mg/dl×μU/ml) | 43.9 (1.5) | 70.7 (2.6) | < 0.001 | 82.2 (9.6) | 60.7 (2.1) | 0.047 | 62.2 (8.7) | 62.2 (2.5) | 0.998 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 166 (28.0) | 705 (50.0) | < 0.001 | 245 (56.1) | 604 (42.3) | < 0.001 | 139 (39.1) | 488 (44.8) | 0.138 |
| Comorbid conditions | |||||||||
| Cardiovascular diseases | 601 (52.3) | 1892 (55.9) | 0.126 | 582 (65.7) | 1826 (52.3) | < 0.001 | 453 (61.3) | 1222 (49.3) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 148 (10.6) | 545 (13.0) | 0.006 | 184 (18.1) | 482 (11.1) | < 0.001 | 135 (15.8) | 283 (9.0) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer or malignancy | 185 (18.1) | 468 (15.4) | 0.109 | 139 (16.8) | 491 (15.7) | 0.581 | 145 (21.6) | 301 (13.4) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 135 (14.2) | 250 (8.6) | < 0.001 | 99 (12.4) | 275 (9.4) | 0.049 | 83 (13.2) | 159 (7.6) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 378 (37.2) | 974 (30.7) | 0.005 | 273 (35.3) | 1012 (30.7) | 0.064 | 298 (42.7) | 602 (26.8) | < 0.001 |
All values are mean (SE) for continuous variables and counts (weighted percentages) for categorical variables.
A P value represents a t test for continuous variables or a Chi-Square test for categorical variables.