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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Alcohol. 2017 Aug 12;68:49–58. doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.08.006

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Adjusted odds ratios for FASD diagnosis in alcohol-exposed children with increasing maternal cytokine levels in (A) early/mid pregnancy and (B) late pregnancy. Increasing maternal levels of IL-1β (p=0.001), IL-2 (p=0.016), IL-4 (p=0.042), IL-6 (p=0.001), and IL-10 (p=0.042) in early/mid pregnancy, and late pregnancy IL-1β (p=0.009) and IL-10 (p=0.002) decreased the risk of FASD in children. Ratios of IL-1β:IL-10 (p=0.080) and IL-6:IL-10 (p=0.080) in late pregnancy failed to reach significance, however, there was an increased risk of FASD as TNF- α:IL-10 (p=0.013) increased. Logistic Regression model are adjusted for site and SES. §Detectable / Non-detectable (Ref group) cytokine classification was used for INF-γ levels *p-value < 0.05 ** p-value < 0.01