Table 1.
Characteristics of mothers by alcohol use and child neurodevelopment status
| Low/No Alcohol Normal Development (LNA-ND) | Low/No Alcohol Developmental Delay (LNA-DD) | Alcohol Exposed/ Normal Development (AE-ND) | Alcohol Exposed/ FASD (AE-FASD) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=47 | N=45 | N=59 | N=90 | ||
|
|
|||||
| Maternal/Paternal Characteristics | |||||
| Gestational week at enrollment visit | 18.60±0.63a | 18.80±0.88ab | 21.98±0.94b | 20.51±0.72ab | 0.020 |
| Gestational week at 2nd study visit | 32.07±0.41 | 31.38±0.26 | 32.62±0.37 | 32.26±0.30 | 0.141 |
| Site, n (%) | |||||
| Rivne | 22 (46.8) | 25 (55.6) | 38 (64.4) | 37 (41.1) | 0.038 |
| Khmelnytsky | 25 (53.2) | 20 (44.4) | 21 (35.6) | 53 (58.9) | |
| Maternal age, years | 26.6±0.64 | 26.31±0.76 | 25.68±0.76 | 25.92±0.59 | 0.816 |
| Maternal educational level, n (%) | |||||
| Less than 9 years | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) | |
| 9 years (uncompleted high school diploma) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.2) | 5 (8.5) | 18 (20) | |
| High school diploma /vocational or trade school; | 16 (34) | 23 (51.1) | 26 (44.1) | 53 (58.9) | 0.001 |
| College degree or unfinished university education | 6 (12.8) | 2 (4.4) | 12 (20.3) | 6 (6.7) | |
| University graduate | 25 (53.2) | 19 (42.2) | 15 (25.4) | 13 (14.4) | |
| Paternal age, years | 28.51±0.66 | 28.2±0.81 | 29.41±0.75 | 31.1±0.87 | 0.045 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | 21.9±0.62 | 21.98±0.55 | 22.74±0.62 | 22.07±0.42 | 0.694 |
| Parity | 0.55±0.12 | 0.76±0.16 | 0.76±0.13 | 0.81±0.11 | 0.562 |
| Gravidity | 1.92±0.17 | 2.31±0.22 | 2.46±0.17 | 2.12±0.17 | 0.179 |
| SES Categorical§, n (%) | |||||
| 1 | 4 (8.5) | 5 (11.1) | 6 (10.2) | 3 (3.3) | <0.0005 |
| 2 | 22 (46.8) | 13 (28.9) | 16 (27.1) | 14 (15.6) | |
| 3 | 15 (31.9) | 17 (37.8) | 25 (42.4) | 32 (35.6) | |
| 4 | 6 (12.8) | 9 (20) | 7 (11.9) | 24 (26.7) | |
| 5 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (8.5) | 16 (17.8) | |
| Supplement Use | |||||
| Supplement Intervention, n (%) | |||||
| Standard of care | 24 (51.1) | 17 (37.8) | 34 (57.6) | 51 (56.7) | 0.01 |
| MVM supplement group | 9 (19.1) | 18 (40.0) | 11 (18.6) | 10 (11.1) | |
| MVM supplement + choline group | 14 (29.8) | 10 (22.2) | 14 (23.7) | 29 (32.2) | |
| MVM supplement use, n (%) | |||||
| No MVM | 14 (29.8) | 9 (20) | 25 (42.4) | 41 (45.6) | 0.037 |
| MVM use prior to enrollment | 13 (27.7) | 17 (37.8) | 17 (28.8) | 29 (32.2) | |
| MVM use after enrollment | 20 (42.6) | 19 (42.2) | 17 (28.8) | 20 (22.2) | |
| Maternal Alcohol Use and Smoking | |||||
| Absolute alcohol use at conception, oz. | |||||
| AAD | 0.0023±0.0023 | 0.0039±0.0039 | 0.59±0.07b | 0.71±0.08b | <0.0005 |
| AADD | 0.02±0.02a | 0.03±0.03a | 1.6±0.15b | 2.00±0.28b | <0.0005 |
| Absolute alcohol use at enrollment, oz. | |||||
| AADXP | 0.00±0.00a | 0.001±0.001a | 0.16±0.06b | 0.21±0.04b | <0.0005 |
| AADDXP | 0.00±0.00a | 0.01±0.01a | 0.77±0.14b | 0.88±0.11b | <0.0005 |
| Maternal Smoking Status, n (%) | |||||
| Never smoker | 42 (91.3) | 38 (84.4) | 20 (33.9) | 25 (28.1) | <0.0005 |
| Past smoker; quit before pregnant | 3 (6.5) | 3 (6.7) | 5 (8.5) | 9 (10.1) | |
| Past smoker; quit after pregnant | 0 (0.0) | 4 (8.9) | 22 (37.3) | 25 (28.1) | |
| Current smoker | 1 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (20.3) | 30 (33.7) | |
| Cigarettes smoked per day at enrollment | 0.09±0.09a,c | 0.00±0.00a | 1.36±0.48b,c | 2.71±0.53b | <0.0005 |
| Infant Characteristics | |||||
| Child’s sex, n (%) | |||||
| Male | 25 (53.2) | 32 (71.1) | 31 (52.5) | 47 (52.2) | 0.163 |
| Female | 22 (46.8) | 13 (28.9) | 28 (47.5) | 43 (47.8) | |
| Gestational age at birth, weeks | 39.92±0.14a | 39.39±0.31ab | 39.46±0.26ab | 38.64±0.27b | 0.005 |
| Birth Weight, g | 3401.92±54.13a | 3323.56±82.44a | 3312.2±71.60a | 2968.81±72.62b | <0.0005 |
| Birth Length, cm | 52.19±0.27a | 51.53±0.44a | 51.93±0.35a | 49.82±0.48b | <0.0005 |
| Bayley Scale of Infant Development II | |||||
| 6 Months | |||||
| MDI | 94.49±1.17a | 87.68±1.31b | 94.96±0.74a | 83.2±1.07c | <0.0005 |
| PDI | 96.07±1.06a | 82.59±1.88b | 96.61±1.19a | 79.79±1.32b | <0.0005 |
| 12 Months | |||||
| MDI12 | 95.44±1.08a | 81.64±1.59b | 95.59±1.26a | 79.03±1.31b | <0.0005 |
| PDI12 | 101.94±1.32a | 92.32±2.04b | 104.02±1.48a | 87.05±1.72b | <0.0005 |
§
Socioeconomic status: based on Hollingshead score calculated from maternal and paternal education and occupation; 1 is highest score and 5 is lowest (Hollingshead and Redlich, 2007). Missing values were as follows for each group: 2 in the AE-FASD group and 1 in AE-ND group for paternal age; 1 in the AE-FASD group for MVM use; 1 in the LNA-DD and AE-FASD group for SES, 1 in the LNA-DD, AE-FASD, and AE-ND group for pre-pregnancy BMI. FASD is broadly classified as reported maternal alcohol consumption, as defined for the AE group, and at least one BSID-II score below 85 at six or twelve months of age, with and without physical features of FASD
a,b
Means in a row with different superscript letters differ with a p value <0.05.