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. 2018 Feb 20;8:3362. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21486-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Histological characterization of the lentiviral vector enabling retrograde transport of ChR2. (a) EIAV-Rabies-CaMK2-ChR2-eYFP and EIAV-VSVg-Rabies-CaMK2-ChR2-eYFP lentiviral vectors with retrograde transfer properties were injected unilaterally in the STN of NHP 1 & 2, and NHP 3 respectively. Cannula traces were visualized on histological slices and confirmed to end above the dorsolateral aspect of STN of NHP 1, 2 & 3. (b) Injection sites for NHP 1 & 2 are 3D-reconstituted in a common STN after affine and elastic transformations between the two STN for NHP 1 & 2. (c) i/ high magnification on a coronal slice showing right STN, thalamus and putamen. ii/ white rectangle around STN on i/ is zoomed. White dots dlimit the STN. Yellow dashes indicate the recording electrode trajectory in the prolongation of the cannula. iii/ the biggest white rectangle in ii/ is zoomed: axons expressing ChR2-eYFP arriving to STN. iv/ the smallest white rectangle in ii/ is zoomed: VgluT1 positive cortico-subthalamic axon terminals expressing ChR2-eYFP. (d) i/ zoom on a coronal motor cortex slice. ii/ white rectangle in i/ is zoomed: neurons of cortical layer V express ChR2-eYFP on their somas, dendrites and initial portion of their axons. iii/ dendrites expressing ChR2-eYFP. (e) Double immune-staining GFP/NeuN and GFP/GFAP in the layer V of motor cortex. White arrows indicate GFP-positive cells. White triangles indicate GFAP-positive cells NHP: Non-human primate; STN: subthalamic nucleus; Thal: thalamus; Put: putamen; VgluT1: vesicular glutamate transporter 1.