Table 3.
Changes in serum cytokines following vaccination with trivalent influenza vaccine
| Cytokine | Median (SD) Cytokine level pg/mL | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Groups 1 and 2a | |||||||
| 0 h | 3 h | 7 h | 24 h | 0 h | 16 h | 0 h | 44 h | 14 d | |
| IFN‐γ | 1.3 (1.7) | 1.9 (1.0) | 2.9 (3.4) b | 6.9 (3.0) b | 1.4 (2.2) | 5.1 (5.0) b | 1.3 (1.9) | 2.4 (3.7) | 1.2 (0.8) |
| IL‐2 | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.7 (1.2) | 1.1 (3.6) b | 0.9 (0.6) b | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.3) |
| IL‐6 | 2.3 (1.9) | 2.0 (0.8) | 3.3 (10.8) | 2.9 (1.3) | 2.1 (18.2) | 2.5 (15.8) | 2.3 (12.9) | 1.6 (7.2) b | 1.6 (7.5) b |
| IL‐8 | 14.7 (7.7) | 11.2 (6.9) | 10.8 (7.9) | 10.4 (6.1) | 11.7 (5.5) | 11.9 (4.6) | 13.4 (6.9) | 9.0 (5.4) b | 10.2 (4.1) b |
| GM‐CSF | 0.9 (1.1) | 0.9 (1.0) | 0.8 (1.1) | 1.0 (0.8) | 1.0 (0.4) | 1.0 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.8) | 0.8 (0.8) b | 1.0 (0.8) |
| IP‐10 | 115 (74) | 106 (69) | 140 (482) b | 488 (365) b | 149 (194) | 292 (309) b | 123 (146) | 263 (127) b | 127 (71) |
| TARC | 995 (429) | 1028 (462) | 1079 (567) b | 1054 (3072) | 871 (993) | 998 (1013) | 970 (757) | 1000 (1667) | 901 (555) |
| MCP‐4 | 760 (306) | 796 (302) | 840 (359) b | 858 (803) | 881 (295) | 814 (267) | 863 (297) | 787 (288) | 836 (233) |
| MCP‐1 | 378 (160) | 315 (142) b | 389 (897) | 372 (282) b | 334 (315) | 372 (190) | 349 (247) | 324 (147) | 320 (171) b |
| Eotaxin | 853 (1159) | 909 (987) | 1000 (1204) | 860 (1190) | 999 (1133) | 959 (792) | 901 (1116) | 783 (757) | 1017 (1011) |
| IL‐12p70 | 2.6 (94.9) | 3.1 (118) | 3.1 (116) | 3.1 (134) b | 1.3 (2.0) | 1.9 (1.8) b | 2.0 (67.4) | 2.3 (83.7) | 2.2 (101) |
| TNF‐α | 6.9 (3.7) | 8.4 (3.3) | 8.4 (4.2) | 9.5 (2.7) b | 9.1 (3.5) | 8.7 (2.3) | 7.8 (3.5) | 8.1 (2.2) | 7.8 (2.1) |
| IL‐10 | 5.4 (158) | 6.0 (214) b | 6.7 (209) b | 7.8 (241) b | 3.1 (2.6) | 4.7 (1.4) | 4.5 (112) | 4.9 (151) | 4.9 (149) |
| MIP1β | 123 (85) | 133 (89) | 145 (92) b | 177 (77) b | 147 (102) | 173 (94) | 141 (92) | 145 (82) | 136 (71) |
a
Data are combined from groups 1 and 2. Values in bold are have P<.05 compared with 0‐h time point.
b
P < .05 compared with 0‐h time point in each group; Wilcoxon signed rank test. SD, standard deviation; h, hours; d, days.