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. 2018 Feb 16;9:259. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00259

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Copyright © 2018 Lin, Li and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The 3D images of E. coli biofilms at 24, 48, and 72 h in the presence of 0, 0.1, 0.8, or 3 mg/mL CDs-LP were observed under a confocal laser microscope. The biofilms were stained using the live/dead stain assay. Green and red dots represent live and dead bacteria, respectively.