Table 2. Hazard Ratios for Incident Diabetes in Black vs White Participants and Percent Reduction in Parameter Estimatesa.
| Women | Men | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black | White | Black | White | |
| No. | 1159 | 1145 | 907 | 1040 |
| Cases/person-years | 188/27 694 | 81/29 957 | 127/20 644 | 108/26 051 |
| Risk difference/1000 people (95% CI)b | 89 (61-117) | 47 (15-78) | ||
| HRs by Model | ||||
| Race HR (95% CI) | Reduction in β, %c | Race HR (95% CI) | Reduction in β, %c | |
| Updated Risk Factor Information Adjustment | ||||
| Model 1: age and field center | 2.86 (2.19-3.72) | [Reference] | 1.67 (1.28-2.17) | [Reference] |
| Model 2: model 1 + biologicald | 0.88 (0.64-1.21) | 112 | 1.08 (0.77-1.51) | 86 |
| Model 3: model 2 + neighborhoode | 0.87 (0.61-1.23) | 113 | 0.97 (0.66-1.42) | 106 |
| Model 4: model 3 + psychosocialf | 0.86 (0.60-1.22) | 115 | 0.96 (0.66-1.41) | 107 |
| Model 5: model 4 + socioeconomicf | 0.80 (0.56-1.16) | 121 | 0.90 (0.60-1.34) | 121 |
| Model 6: model 5 + behavioralg | 0.79 (0.55-1.14) | 122 | 0.92 (0.62-1.38) | 116 |
| Baseline Risk Factor Adjustment | ||||
| Model 2: model 1 + biologicald | 1.56 (1.14-2.14) | 58 | 1.48 (1.07-2.05) | 23 |
| Model 3: model 2 + neighborhoode | 1.36 (0.95-1.95) | 71 | 1.66 (1.15-2.40) | 1 |
| Model 4: model 3 + psychosocialf | 1.36 (0.95-1.95) | 71 | 1.66 (1.14-2.39) | 1 |
| Model 5: model 4 + socioeconomicg | 1.20 (0.83-1.74) | 82 | 1.59 (1.08-2.34) | 9 |
| Model 6: model 5 + behavioralh | 1.22 (0.84-1.78) | 81 | 1.46 (0.99-2.16) | 25 |
Abbreviation: HR, hazard ratio.
Analyses were according to sequential adjustment for each risk factor domain when including updated risk factor information for model adjustment and when adjusting for baseline measurement of risk factors.
Risk difference indicates age and field center adjusted presenting excess cases in black compared with white participants.
Percent reduction in β estimate ([β0–βn]÷[β0]×100). β0 indicates an age and field center–adjusted reference model. β0 as an exponent with the base e equals the HR estimate for an age- and field center–adjusted model. The percent reduction in β estimate from β0 to βn is the percent reduction in risk for diabetes on the log-scale comparing black individuals to white individuals that is associated with adjustment for the factors in the βn model.
Biological factors: fasting glucose, body mass index, waist circumference, parental history of diabetes, triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, forced vital capacity, systolic blood pressure, and blood pressure–lowering medication use.
Neighborhood factors: G statistic for racial segregation and tract-level percentage of population living in poverty.
Psychosocial factor: Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression score.
Socioeconomic factors: education, current employment status, paying for basics, marital status, and mother’s and father’s educational attainment
Behavioral factors: regular alcohol consumption, smoking status, diet score from the American Heart Association’s Life’s Simple 7, and regular physical activity.