Table 4. Hazard Ratios for Incident Diabetes in Black Compared With White Participants and Percent Reduction in Parameter Estimates According to Individual Risk Factor Groupsa.
| Individual Risk Factor Groups | Women | Men | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race HR (95% CI) | Percent Reduction in β, %b | Race HR (95% CI) | Percent Reduction in β, %b | |
| Base model: Age and field center | 2.86 (2.19-3.72) | [Reference] | 1.67 (1.28-2.17) | [Reference] |
| Updated Risk Factor Information Adjustment | ||||
| Base + biologicalc | 0.88 (0.64-1.21) | 112 | 1.08 (0.77-1.51) | 86 |
| Base + neighborhoodd | 2.70 (2.00-3.65) | 5 | 1.54 (1.12-2.12) | 15 |
| Base + psychosociale | 2.79 (2.14-3.64) | 2 | 1.62 (1.24-2.12) | 5 |
| Base + socioeconomicf | 2.20 (1.63-2.97) | 25 | 1.34 (0.99-1.82) | 42 |
| Base + behavioralg | 2.29 (1.73-3.02) | 21 | 1.56 (1.18-2.05) | 14 |
| Risk Factors Adjusted for All Groups but Excluding 1 Group | ||||
| Excluding biologicalc | 1.98 (1.42-2.77) | 35 | 1.31 (0.93-1.84) | 47 |
| Excluding neighborhoodd | 0.79 (0.56-1.12) | 122 | 0.97 (0.67-1.41) | 106 |
| Excluding psychosociale | 0.80 (0.55-1.15) | 122 | 0.93 (0.62-1.39) | 115 |
| Excluding socioeconomicf | 0.86 (0.60-1.22) | 115 | 0.98 (0.67-1.45) | 103 |
| Excluding behavioralg | 0.80 (0.56-1.16) | 121 | 0.90 (0.60-1.34) | 121 |
| Baseline Risk Factor Adjustment | ||||
| Base + biologicalc | 1.56 (1.14-2.14) | 58 | 1.48 (1.07-2.05) | 23 |
| Base + neighborhoodd | 2.24 (1.63-3.08) | 23 | 1.68 (1.22-2.31) | −1 |
| Base + psychosociale | 2.77 (2.12-3.61) | 3 | 1.64 (1.25-2.14) | 3 |
| Base + socioeconomicf | 2.09 (1.56-2.80) | 30 | 1.36 (1.01-1.84) | 39 |
| Base + behavioralg | 2.41 (1.81-3.20) | 16 | 1.56 (1.19-2.05) | 13 |
| Risk Factors Adjusted for All Groups but Excluding 1 Group | ||||
| Excluding biologicalc | 1.67 (1.18-2.36) | 51 | 1.38 (0.97-1.95) | 37 |
| Excluding neighborhoodd | 1.34 (0.95-1.90) | 72 | 1.30 (0.91-1.86) | 49 |
| Excluding psychosociale | 1.22 (0.84-1.78) | 81 | 1.48 (1.00-2.18) | 24 |
| Excluding socioeconomicf | 1.34 (0.93-1.92) | 72 | 1.50 (1.03-2.18) | 21 |
| Excluding behavioralg | 1.20 (0.83-1.74) | 82 | 1.59 (1.08-2.34) | 9 |
Abbreviation: HR, hazard ratio.
Analyses were implemented when including updated risk factor information for model adjustment and when adjusting for baseline measurement of risk factors.
Percent reduction in β estimate ([β0–βn])÷[β0]×100). β0 indicates an age and field center–adjusted reference model. β0, as an exponent with the base e, equals the HR estimate for an age- and field center–adjusted model. The percent reduction in β estimate from β0 to βn is the percent reduction in risk for diabetes on the log-scale comparing black individuals to white individuals that is associated with adjustment for the factors in the βn model.
Biological factors: fasting glucose, body mass index, waist circumference, parental history of diabetes, triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, forced vital capacity, systolic blood pressure, and blood pressure–lowering medication use.
Neighborhood factors: G statistic for racial segregation and tract-level percentage of population living in poverty.
Psychosocial factor: Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression score.
Socioeconomic factors: education, current employment status, paying for basic essentials, marital status, and mother’s and father’s educational attainment.
Behavioral factors: regular alcohol consumption, smoking status, diet score from the American Heart Association’s Life’s Simple 7, and regular physical activity.