Table 2. History of GD and Long-term Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among 89 479 Parous US Women in the Nurses’ Health Study II Cohort, 1989-2015.

Characteristic	HR (95% CI)		P Value
	No History of GD	History of GD
Total CVD
Events, No.	1079	82
Person-years, No.	976 307	60 050
Incidence rate, per 1000 person-years	1.10	1.37
Age-adjusted	1 [Reference]	1.60 (1.26-2.04)	<.001
Multivariable modela	1 [Reference]	1.43 (1.12-1.81)	.004
Multivariable model + current lifestyle factorsb	1 [Reference]	1.29 (1.01-1.65)	.04
MI
Events, No.	563	49
Person-years	976 456	60 054
Incidence rate, per 1000 person-years	0.58	0.82
Age-adjusted	1 [Reference]	1.83 (1.35-2.50)	<.001
Multivariable modela	1 [Reference]	1.59 (1.16-2.17)	.004
Multivariable model + current lifestyle factorsb	1 [Reference]	1.45 (1.05-1.99)	.02
Stroke
Events, No.	520	33
Person-years, No.	981 145	61 632
Incidence rate, per 1000 person-years	0.53	0.54
Age-adjusted	1 [Reference]	1.33 (0.92-1.94)	.10
Multivariable modela	1 [Reference]	1.22 (0.83-1.78)	.30
Multivariable model + current lifestyle factorsb	1 [Reference]	1.10 (0.75-1.61)	.60

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction [MI] or stroke); GD, gestational diabetes; HR, hazard ratio.

^aMultivariable model age, years since first birth age, menopausal status, current hormone therapy use, white race/ethnicity, family history of MI or stroke, history of pregnancy hypertensive disorders, prepregnancy BMI, and parity.

^bMultivariable model also adjusts for current weight change from prepregnancy, aspirin use, alcohol intake, smoking status, physical activity, and Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010 diet quality score. Time-varying covariates are updated every 2 to 4 years.