Table 1. Characteristics of the Included Trials and Participants.
| Included Trials | Treatment | Women, No. (%) | Mean Age, y | Previous Fracture | Calcium Intake, mg/d | Baseline 25OHD, ng/mL | Treatment Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium vs Placebo or No Treatment | |||||||
| Inkovaara et al, 1983 (Finland) |
1.2 g/d (n = 42) Placebo (n = 42) |
69 (82) | 80.1 | NA | NA | NA | 9 mo |
| Hansson and Roos, 1987 (Sweden) |
1 g/d (n = 25) Placebo (n = 25) |
50 (100) | 65.9 | Yes | NA | NA | 3 y |
| Reid et al, 1993 (New Zealand) |
1 g/d (n = 68) Placebo (n = 67) |
135 (100) | 58 | No vertebral fracture | 750 | 37.5 | 4 y |
| Recker et al, 1996 (United States) |
1.2 g/d (n = 95) Placebo (n = 102) |
197 (100) | 73.5 | Partialc | 434 | 25.5e | 4 y |
| Riggs et al, 1998 (United States) |
1.6 g/d (n = 119) Placebo (n = 117) |
236 (100) | 66.2 | No | 714 | 30.1 | 4 y |
| Baron et al, 1999 (United States) |
1.2 g/d (n = 464) Placebo (n = 466) |
258 (28) | 61.0 | NA | 877 | NA | 4 y |
| Ruml et al, 1999 (United States) |
0.8 g/d (n = 29) Placebo (n = 34) |
63 (100) | 52 | No | 613 | NA | 2 y |
| Peacock et al, 2000 (United States) |
0.75 g/d (n = 126) Placebo (n = 135) |
187 (72) | 73.8 | Partialc | 597 | 25.0 | 4 y |
| Avenell et al, 2004 (United Kingdom) |
1 g/d (n = 29) No treatment (n = 35) |
NAa (83) | 78b | Yes | NA | NA | 3.8 y |
| RECORD Grant et al, 2005 (United Kingdom) |
1 g/d (n = 1311) Placebo (n = 1332) |
2241 (85) | 77 | Yes | NA | 15.2e,f | 2-5 y |
| Prince et al, 2006 (Australia) |
0.48 g/d (n = 730) Placebo (n = 730) |
1460 (100) | 75.2 | Partialc | 915 | 31.0e | 5 y |
| Reid et al, 2006 (New Zealand) |
1 g/d (n = 732) Placebo (n = 739) |
1471 (100) | 74.3 | Partialc | 857 | 20.7 | 5 y |
| Mitri et al, 2011 (United States) |
0.8 g/d (n = 22) Placebo (n = 24) |
23 (50) | 58.0 | NA | 923 | 24.5 | 4 mo |
| Aloia et al, 2013 (United States) |
1.2 g/d (n = 35) Placebo (n = 31) |
66 (100) | 59.3 | NA | 898 | 26.6 | 6 mo |
| Vitamin D vs Placebo or No Treatment | |||||||
| Inkovaara et al, 1983 (Finland) |
1000 IU/d (n = 45) Placebo (n = 42) |
71 (82) | 79.6 | NA | NA | NA | 9 mo |
| Lips et al, 1996 (The Netherlands) |
400 IU/d (n = 1291) Placebo (n = 1287) |
1916 (74) | 80.0 | No hip fracture | 868 | 10.6e | 3-4 y |
| Trivedi et al, 2003 (United Kingdom) |
100 000 IU every 4 mo (n = 1345) Placebo (n = 1341) |
649 (24) | 74.8 | NA | 742 | NA | 5 y |
| Avenell et al, 2004 (United Kingdom) |
800 IU/d (n = 35) No treatment (n = 35) |
NAa (83) | 78b | Yes | NA | NA | 3.8 y |
| NONOF Harwood et al, 2004 (United Kingdom) |
300 000 IU once (n = 38) No treatment (n = 37) |
75 (100) | 80.5 | Yes | NA | 11.6 | 1 y |
| RECORD Grant et al, 2005 (United Kingdom) |
800 IU/d (n = 1343) Placebo (n = 1332) |
2264 (85) | 77 | Yes | NA | 15.2e,f | 2-5 y |
| Smith et al, 2007 (United Kingdom) |
300 000 IU every year (n = 4727) Placebo (n = 4713) |
5086 (54) | 79.1 | Partialc | 625d | 22.6e | 3 y |
| Vital D Sanders et al, 2010 (Australia) |
500 000 IU every year (n = 1131) Placebo (n = 1127) |
2258 (100) | 76.1 | Partialc | 976 | 19.8e | 3-5 y |
| Mitri et al, 2011 (United States) |
2000 IU/d (n = 23) Placebo (n = 24) |
25 (53) | 58.0 | NA | 926 | 25.3 | 4 mo |
| Glendenning et al, 2012 (Australia) |
150 000 IU every 3 mo (n = 353) Placebo (n = 333) |
686 (100) | 76.7 | NA | 864 | 26.3e | 9 mo |
| TIDE Punthakee et al, 2012 (Canada) |
1000 IU/d (n = 607) Placebo (n = 614) |
499 (41) | 66.6 | Partialc | NA | NA | 4 mo |
| Aloia et al, 2013 (United States) |
4000 IU/d (n = 47) Placebo (n = 31) |
78 (100) | 59.3 | NA | 881 | 26.1 | 6 mo |
| VitDISH Witham et al, 2013 (United Kingdom) |
100 000 IU every 3 mo (n = 80) Placebo (n = 79) |
77 (49) | 76.8 | NA | 1125 | 18.0 | 1 y |
| VitaDial Massart et al, 2014 (Belgium) |
25 000 IU every week (n = 26) Placebo (n = 29) |
21 (38) | 64.1 | NA | 881 | 17.8 | 3 mo |
| DEX Uusi-Rasi et al, 2015 (Finland) |
800 IU/d (n = 102) Placebo (n = 102) |
204 (100) | 73.9 | NA | 1082 | 26.7 | 2 y |
| BEST-D Hin et al, 2017 (United Kingdom) |
4000 IU/d (n = 102) 2000 IU/d (n = 102) Placebo (n = 101) |
150 (49) | 71.7 | Partialc | 710 | 20.1 | 1 y |
| ViDA Khaw et al, 2017 (New Zealand) |
200 000 IU followed by 100 000 IU monthly (n = 2558) Placebo (n = 2550) |
2139 (42) | 65.9 | Partialc | 810d | 25.2 | 3.4 y |
| Calcium Plus Vitamin D vs Placebo or No Treatment | |||||||
| Inkovaara et al, 1983 (Finland) |
Calcium (1.2 g/d) + D3 (1000 IU/d) (n = 46) Placebo (n = 42) |
69 (78) | 79.0 | NA | NA | NA | 9 mo |
| Dawson-Hughes et al, 1997 (United States) |
Calcium (0.5 g/d) + D3 (700 IU/d) (n = 187) Placebo (n = 202) |
213 (54) | 71.1 | NA | 729 | 29.6e | 3 y |
| Avenell et al, 2004 (United Kingdom) |
Calcium (1 g/d) + D3 (800 IU/d) (n = 35) No treatment (n = 35) |
NAa (83) | 78b | Yes | NA | NA | 3.8 y |
| NONOF Harwood et al, 2004 (United Kingdom) |
Calcium (1g/d) + D2 (300 000 IU once) (n = 36) Calcium (1 g/d) + D3 (800 IU/d) (n = 39) No treatment (n = 37) |
112 (100) | 81.7 | Yes | NA | 11.9 | 1 y |
| Porthouse et al, 2005 (United Kingdom) |
Calcium (1 g/d) + D3 (800 IU/d) (n = 1321) No treatment (n = 1993) |
3314 (100) | 76.8 | Partialc | 1080 | NA | 1.5-3.5 y |
| RECORD Grant et al, 2005 (United Kingdom) |
Calcium (1 g/d) + D3 (800 IU/d) (n = 1306) Placebo (n = 1332) |
2232 (85) | 77.5 | Yes | NA | 15.2e,f | 2-5 y |
| WHI Jackson et al, 2006 (United States) |
Calcium (1 g/d) + D3 (400 IU/d) (n = 4015) Placebo (n = 3957) |
7972 (100) | 62.4 | Partialc | 1151 | 18.9e | 7 y |
| Bolton-Smith et al, 2007 (United Kingdom) |
Calcium (1 g/d) + D3 (400 IU/d) (n = 62) Placebo (n = 61) |
123 (100) | 68.6 | NA | 1073 | 23.9 | 2 y |
| OSTPRE-FPS Salovaara et al, 2010 (Finland) |
Calcium (1g/d) + D3 (800 IU/d) (n = 1718) No treatment (n = 1714) |
3432 (100) | 67.3 | Partialc | 957 | 19.8e | 3 y |
| Mitri et al, 2011 (United States) |
Calcium (0.8 g/d) + D3 (2000 IU/d) (n = 23) Placebo (n = 24) |
25 (53) | 58.0 | NA | 979 | 23.3 | 4 mo |
| Aloia et al, 2013 (United States) |
Calcium (1.2 g/d) + D3 (4000 IU/d) (n = 46) Placebo (n = 31) |
77 (100) | 58.0 | NA | 900 | 27.3 | 6 mo |
| Liu et al, 2015 (China) |
Calcium (1.5 g/d) + D3 (600 IU/d) (n = 50) Placebo (n = 48) |
98 (100) | 62.1 | No | 1500 | NA | 1 y |
| Xue et al, 2017 (China) |
Calcium (0.6 g/d) + D3 (800 IU/d) (n = 139) Placebo (n = 173) |
312 (100) | 63.6 | Partialc | NA | 30.8 | 1 y |
Abbreviation: 25OHD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
a
Women accounted for 83% of total participants in this trial, but detailed data not available for each group.
b
Mean age is 78 y for total participants in this trial, but detailed data not available for each group.
c
This trial reported partial participants with fracture history.
d
Partial participants were assessed for dietary calcium intake.
e
Partial participants received measurement of baseline 25OHD concentrations.
f
The RECORD trial reported that the mean baseline 25OHD concentrations for a sample of 60 participants was 15.2 ng/mL, but detailed data were not available for each group.