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GPCR/GRK cell signaling; a general view. Upon ligand binding, GPCRs activate downstream signaling pathways through their coupled Gα subunits. In response to GPCR conformational changes, G proteins activate downstream targets by converting GDP to GTP. GRKs phosphorylate the intracellular regions of GPCRs. This results in receptor desensitization and arrestin recruitment. Arrestins initiate receptor endocytosis, followed by receptor recycling or degradation.
