Size and time matched xenografted tumors were removed from mice on days 13 and 15, following treatment from day 6 with liposomes containing Celecoxib at 15 mg/Kg body weight, Plumbagin at 1.5 mg/Kg body weight, or CelePlum-777 containing Celecoxib 15 mg/Kg + Plumbagin 1.5 mg/Kg body weight. Tumor sections were immunostained for Ki-67 (5A) or CD31 (5B) to assess proliferation and vascular development, respectively. Images were quantified and plotted as fold difference in cells expressing Ki-67 or area occupied by blood vessel compared with controls. Data was obtained from three to four tumors, with four to five fields averaged per tumor. Data represent averages of at least 3 independent experiments; bars, S.E.M. Rates of cell proliferation in cultured cells (5C) following CelePlum-777 treatment for 72 hours reduced melanoma cell proliferation compared to liposomes containing Celecoxib or Plumbagin alone.