Fig 1. Schematic overview of the experimental setup for DWC hydroponics (A), and the photograph of the 7-day-old seedlings (B) grown in control conditions using that system (Hoagland’s medium, pH = 6).

A plastic opaque container with capacity of 10 L (1), a plastic opaque lid with 20 openings (2), air distributor with 12 outlets (3) and an air pipe with a non-return valve attached to the air pump (4).