Fig. 3. Light-driven hydrogen production by the encapsulated hybrid system in air.

(A) SFD in the semiconductor–engineered E. coli hybrid system encapsulated by biomimetic polymers. (B) Microsensor-based measurement of O₂ concentration in the various independent encapsulated cell aggregates (n = 3). (C and D) SEM images of encapsulated cell aggregates at different magnification. (E) Measurements of continuous hydrogen production in our biohybrid system. (F) Measurements of the amount of hydrogen produced by the various biohybrid systems under aerobic conditions ([] indicates silicification-induced aggregation). HydA, [NiFe]-hydrogenase HyaABCDEF.