Table 8.

Quality criteria for the evaluation of design and data analysis in epidemiologic studies of proximity to contaminated areas and kidney function biomarkers.

	All Studies								Prospective	Case control, cross-sectional, ecological
Study	Exposure assessed at individual level	Exposure assessed using biomarker	Standardized biomarkers used	Internal comparisons presented	Response rate ≥ 70% from source population	Same exclusion criteria applied to all participants	Control for relevant confounders	Data collected in similar manner between exposed and unexposed	Loss to follow-up independent of exposure	Interviewer blinded with respect to case or exposure status	Noncases would have been cases had they developed disease (CC only)	Cases and controls/exposed interviewed over same time period
D’Andrea et al., 2015	No	No	Yes	Yes	NR	NR	No	Yes	-	-	-	NR
Lagutina et al., 1979	No	No	Yes	Yes	NR	NR	No	NR	-	-	-	NR
Ignatova et al., 1996	No	No	No	Yes	NR	NR	No	NR	-	NR	Yes	NR
Rakhmanin et al., 2004	NR	No	Yes	Yes	NR	NR	No	NR	-	-	-	NR

CC: case-control study, NR: not reported in the text of the study.

Standardized kidney biomarkers: use of albumin/creatinine ratio, GFR, eGFR, or biomarkers of kidney damage such as β2MG, NAG, AAP, A2M, or RBP.

RBP: retinol binding protein, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, β2MG: β-2-microglobulin, A2M: α-2-microglobulin, NAG: N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase,