Table 3. Odds ratios of impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes according to drinking patterns in women.

Drinking frequency	Number of cases	Average alcohol consumption,c g/month	Model 1a
			IFG		DM
		Mean (SE)	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Lifetime abstainer	2,073	—	1.04 (0.86–1.25)	0.686	1.06 (0.76–1.46)	0.745
Past drinker	1,928	—	0.93 (0.77–1.12)	0.442	1.03 (0.75–1.43)	0.844
≤1/month
Non-high-risk drinking	3,799	12.5 (0.2)	1		1
High-risk drinkingd	272	57.4 (2.2)	1.02 (0.69–1.60)	0.939	0.57 (0.23–1.43)	0.233
2–4/month
Non-high-risk drinking	1,439	73.6 (1.0)	1.32 (1.09–1.60)	0.005	0.86 (0.58–1.28)	0.468
High-risk drinking	440	228.0 (6.2)	1.54 (1.10–2.16)	0.011	1.14 (0.57–2.27)	0.707
2–3/week
Non-high-risk drinking	480	262.5 (5.3)	1.32 (0.98–1.78)	0.072	1.18 (0.67–2.10)	0.564
High-risk drinking	307	831.7 (28.5)	3.13 (2.25–4.36)	<0.001	1.22 (0.49–3.05)	0.672
≥4/week
Non-high-risk drinking	124	503.5 (21.8)	0.98 (0.57–1.69)	0.944	0.18 (0.04–0.76)	0.020
High-risk drinking	111	2,103.8 (105.2)	2.14 (1.30–3.53)	0.003	0.91 (0.28–2.98)	0.871
Drinking frequency	Number of cases	Average alcohol consumption g/month	Model 2b
			IFG		DM
		Mean (SE)	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Lifetime abstainer	2,073	—	1.10 (0.91–1.32)	0.325	1.05 (0.76–1.45)	0.783
Past drinker	1,928	—	0.99 (0.82–1.20)	0.926	1.01 (0.72–1.42)	0.940
≤1/month
Non-high-risk drinking	3,799	12.5 (0.2)	1		1
High-risk drinking	272	57.4 (2.2)	1.00 (0.66–1.52)	0.988	0.43 (0.18–1.05)	0.063
2–4/month
Non-high-risk drinking	1,439	73.6 (1.0)	1.28 (1.05–1.56)	0.016	0.97 (0.65–1.46)	0.891
High-risk drinking	440	228.0 (6.2)	1.51 (1.04–2.21)	0.032	0.81 (0.31–2.12)	0.669
2–3/week
Non-high-risk drinking	480	262.5 (5.3)	1.26 (0.93–1.71)	0.133	1.49 (0.80–2.76)	0.205
High-risk drinking	307	831.7 (28.5)	3.19 (2.20–4.64)	<0.001	0.87 (0.38–1.98)	0.735
≥4/week
Non-high-risk drinking	124	503.5 (21.8)	0.92 (0.55–1.55)	0.757	0.18 (0.04–0.78)	0.022
High-risk drinking	111	2,103.8 (105.2)	2.23 (1.23–4.06)	0.009	0.61 (0.15–2.54)	0.497

CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; OR, odds ratio; SE, standard error.

^aModel 1: Adjusted for age.

^bModel 2: Adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking status, household income, educational level, physical activity, family history of diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and alcohol consumption amount in drinking days.

^cAverage alcohol consumption was calculated by using descriptive statistics.

^dHigh-risk drinking was defined as alcohol consumption of ≥7 glasses on a single occasion for men and ≥5 glasses for women, and non-high risk drinking was defined as alcohol consumption of <7 glasses for men and <5 glasses for women.