Table 3. Adjusted hazard ratios of mortality by alcohol consumption status (women).
| Cumulative Average Intake | |||||||||||||
| Non-drinkers | Occasional drinkers | 1–149 g/week | 150–299 g/week | 300–449 g/week | ≥450 g/week |
P for non-linear trend |
P for linear trend in drinkerse | ||||||
| HRa | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |||
| All-cause mortality | |||||||||||||
| Person-years (n = 1,012,269) | 621,932 | 197,560 | 161,603 | 21,805 | 6,332 | 3,037 | |||||||
| Number of cases (n = 5,434) | 3,985 | 755 | 547 | 90 | 32 | 25 | |||||||
| Model 1 adjusted HRsb | 1.00 | 0.75 | (0.69–0.81) | 0.82 | (0.75–0.90) | 1.17 | (0.95–1.44) | 1.50 | (1.06–2.13) | 2.49 | (1.68–3.69) | <0.001 | 0.006 |
| Model 2 adjusted HRsc | 1.00 | 0.75 | (0.70–0.82) | 0.80 | (0.73–0.88) | 0.91 | (0.74–1.13) | 1.04 | (0.73–1.48) | 1.59 | (1.07–2.38) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Model 2 adjusted HRsd | 1.00 | 0.59 | (0.53–0.64) | 0.72 | (0.65–0.80) | 0.91 | (0.73–1.14) | 1.00 | (0.69–1.45) | 1.19 | (0.75–1.89) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Cancer | |||||||||||||
| Number of cases (n = 2,174) | 1,539 | 334 | 242 | 34 | 16 | 9 | |||||||
| Model 1 adjusted HRsb | 1.00 | 0.68 | (0.59–0.78) | 0.74 | (0.64–0.86) | 1.03 | (0.73–1.44) | 1.62 | (0.99–2.65) | 1.54 | (0.77–3.09) | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Model 2 adjusted HRsc | 1.00 | 0.67 | (0.59–0.77) | 0.71 | (0.61–0.83) | 0.87 | (0.62–1.23) | 1.25 | (0.76–2.08) | 1.17 | (0.57–2.37) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Model 2 adjusted HRsd | 1.00 | 0.66 | (0.57–0.77) | 0.73 | (0.62–0.85) | 0.90 | (0.62–1.30) | 1.28 | (0.74–2.21) | 1.02 | (0.45–2.32) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Heart disease | |||||||||||||
| Number of cases (n = 696) | 525 | 94 | 62 | 8 | 3 | 4 | |||||||
| Model 1 adjusted HRsb | 1.00 | 0.56 | (0.43–0.74) | 0.70 | (0.52–0.94) | 0.98 | (0.49–1.98) | 1.35 | (0.43–4.22) | 3.36 | (1.25–9.01) | <0.001 | 0.022 |
| Model 2 adjusted HRsc | 1.00 | 0.58 | (0.44–0.76) | 0.68 | (0.51–0.92) | 0.71 | (0.35–1.44) | 0.84 | (0.27–2.67) | 2.05 | (0.74–5.62) | <0.001 | 0.004 |
| Model 2 adjusted HRsd | 1.00 | 0.58 | (0.43–0.76) | 0.70 | (0.52–0.96) | 0.80 | (0.39–1.65) | 0.96 | (0.30–3.05) | 1.80 | (0.56–5.76) | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | |||||||||||||
| Number of cases (n = 588) | 441 | 75 | 45 | 17 | 4 | 6 | |||||||
| Model 1 adjusted HRsb | 1.00 | 0.48 | (0.36–0.66) | 0.61 | (0.44–0.85) | 2.10 | (1.27–3.48) | 1.41 | (0.45–4.39) | 5.57 | (2.48–12.51) | <0.001 | 0.287 |
| Model 2 adjusted HRsc | 1.00 | 0.49 | (0.36–0.66) | 0.56 | (0.40–0.78) | 1.34 | (0.79–2.27) | 0.81 | (0.25–2.58) | 2.70 | (1.15–6.30) | <0.001 | 0.016 |
| Model 2 adjusted HRsd | 1.00 | 0.47 | (0.34–0.64) | 0.54 | (0.38–0.77) | 1.43 | (0.83–2.47) | 0.62 | (0.15–2.55) | 3.10 | (1.32–7.32) | <0.001 | 0.020 |
| Respiratory disease | |||||||||||||
| Number of cases (n = 276) | 238 | 25 | 10 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
| Model 1 adjusted HRsb | 1.00 | 0.36 | (0.21–0.59) | 0.34 | (0.18–0.65) | 0.95 | (0.30–2.98) | n/a | n/a | 0.057 | <0.001 | ||
| Model 2 adjusted HRsc | 1.00 | 0.37 | (0.22–0.62) | 0.34 | (0.18–0.65) | 0.75 | (0.23–2.41) | n/a | n/a | 0.111 | <0.001 | ||
| Model 2 adjusted HRsd | 1.00 | 0.40 | (0.24–0.66) | 0.33 | (0.17–0.66) | 0.81 | (0.25–2.62) | n/a | n/a | 0.315 | <0.001 | ||
| Injury | |||||||||||||
| Number of cases (n = 336) | 225 | 53 | 45 | 8 | 4 | 1 | |||||||
| Model 1 adjusted HRsb | 1.00 | 0.67 | (0.47–0.95) | 0.95 | (0.68–1.34) | 1.58 | (0.78–3.22) | 2.71 | (1.00–7.32) | 1.39 | (0.19–9.91) | 0.018 | 0.704 |
| Model 2 adjusted HRsc | 1.00 | 0.66 | (0.47–0.94) | 0.84 | (0.59–1.19) | 0.96 | (0.46–2.01) | 1.40 | (0.50–3.94) | 0.66 | (0.09–4.87) | 0.128 | 0.274 |
| Model 2 adjusted HRsd | 1.00 | 0.64 | (0.44–0.94) | 0.80 | (0.54–1.17) | 0.80 | (0.34–1.87) | 0.78 | (0.19–3.30) | n/a | 0.604 | 0.056 | |
| Other causes | |||||||||||||
| Number of cases (n = 1,364) | 1,017 | 174 | 143 | 20 | 5 | 5 | |||||||
| Model 1 adjusted HRsb | 1.00 | 0.47 | (0.39–0.58) | 0.80 | (0.66–0.97) | 0.88 | (0.54–1.45) | 1.59 | (0.79–3.19) | 1.50 | (0.56–4.01) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Model 2 adjusted HRsc | 1.00 | 0.49 | (0.40–0.60) | 0.81 | (0.67–0.98) | 0.71 | (0.43–1.18) | 1.10 | (0.54–2.24) | 0.98 | (0.36–2.66) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Model 2 adjusted HRsd | 1.00 | 0.51 | (0.41–0.62) | 0.85 | (0.70–1.04) | 0.73 | (0.43–1.23) | 1.19 | (0.58–2.43) | 1.05 | (0.39–2.84) | <0.001 | 0.001 |
CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
aCox proportional hazards models were used. Intake categories are presented by cumulative alcohol consumption updated to 10-year follow-up survey or available time points.
bModel 1: adjusted for age (years, continuous) and public health center area.
cModel 2: adjusted for smoking status (never, former, <20 cigarettes/day, ≥20 cigarettes/day), BMI (<18.5, 18.5–<25, 25–<30, 30+), history of hypertension, flushing response, history of diabetes, leisure-time sports or physical exercise (<almost daily, almost daily), intake of coffee and green tea (almost never, ≥1 cup/wk, and ≥1 cup/d), energy intake (continuous), intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish, meat, dairy products (continuous), and job status (employed or unemployed) in addition to the adjustment factors in Model 1.
dModel 2 excluding deaths within 5 years of baseline.
eP for linear trend in drinkers was assessed only among current drinkers (non-drinkers were excluded from the analysis).